Wroe, Ann. [287], The main ancient sources on Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality. Definition: The dates of Pontius Pilatus (Pontius Pilate), prefect of the Roman province of Judaea, aren't known, but he held office from A.D. 26-36. His patron in Rome was Sejanus, who virtually governed Rome after the Emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri. Author interviews, book reviews and lively book commentary are found here. 11. There was no circumventing his guilt. [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. Pilate is the protagonist. Gill. Pilate was the first who brought those images to Jerusalem, and set them up there; which was done without the knowledge of the people, because it was done in the nighttime; but as soon as they knew it, they came in multitudes to Cesarea, and interceded with Pilate many days, that he would remove the images; and when he would not grant their requests, because it would tend to the injury of Caesar, while yet they persevered in their request, on the sixth day he ordered his soldiers to have their weapons privately, while he came and sat upon his judgment seat, which seat was so prepared in the open place of the city, that it concealed the army that lay ready to oppress them: and when the Jews petitioned him again, he gave a signal to the soldiers to encompass them round, and threatened that their punishment should be no less than immediate death, unless they would leave off disturbing him, and go their ways home. "[276], Pontius Pilate is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. "[272] Wroe argues that later Pilates took on a sort of effeminancy,[268] illustrated by Michael Palins Pilate in Monty Python's Life of Brian, who lisps and mispronounces his r's as w's. Protected by Sejanus, Pilate incurred the enmity of Jews in Roman-occupied Palestine by insulting their religious sensibilities, as when he hung worship images of the emperor throughout Jerusalem and had coins bearing pagan religious symbols minted. [133][134] Additionally, earlier Christian traditions portray Pilate more positively than later ones,[135] a change which Ann Wroe suggests reflects the fact that, following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (312), it was no longer necessary to deflect criticism of Pilate (and by extension of the Roman Empire) for his role in Jesus's crucifixion onto the Jews. [271] Speaking of Dennen's portrayal in the trial scene, McDonough describes him as a "cornered animal. Ignatius further dates Jesus's birth, passion, and resurrection during Pilate's governorship in his epistle to the Magnesians (11.1). He expresses disgust at the Jewish authorities' treatment of Jesus when Jesus is brought before him and offers Jesus a drink of water. [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. In the Cura sanitatis Tiberii (dated variously 5th to 7th century),[162] the emperor Tiberius is healed by an image of Jesus brought by Saint Veronica, Saint Peter then confirms Pilate's report on Jesus's miracles, and Pilate is exiled by the emperor Nero, after which he commits suicide. McClintock and Strong. Pontius Pilate (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. History records that Pilate avoided her counsel and crucified Jesus Christ. Tiberius died in Misenum on the 16th of March in 37, in his seventy-eighth year (Tacitus, Annals VI.50, VI.51). 1999, p. 14. (Behold the man! Arguably, Pilate is the most neutral, disinterested person we meet in the Gospel. [52] Based on John 19:12, it is possible that Pilate held the title "friend of Caesar" (Latin: amicus Caesaris, Ancient Greek: K), a title also held by the Jewish kings Herod Agrippa I and Herod Agrippa II and by close advisors to the emperor. [242] It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. [46] Unlike his predecessor, Valerius Gratus, Pilate retained the same high priest, Joseph ben Caiaphas, for his entire tenure. "[297], "Pilate" redirects here. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. But in 31 AD, Sejanus ended up on the wrong side of a political feud and was sentenced to . And his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). [105], A single inscription by Pilate has survived in Caesarea, on the "Pilate Stone". [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. His decision may have also been made to avoid a bad report to Rome. According to Eusebius (Church History 9.2.5), these texts were distributed during the persecution of Christians conducted by the emperor Maximinus II (reigned 308313). Yet, Jesus returned from death to life and left the tomb anyway (Matt. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. Claudia Wife Of Pontius Pilate that you are looking for. Historical references suggest Claudia was the illegitimate daughter of Julia, Augustus Caesar's only natural offspring. Was Jesus resurrected on the same day Noah's ark rested on Mt. Would the mob be just as happy if he released Barabbas instead of Jesus on the feast day (Mark 15:6 ff.)? "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. [151] Two of these include purported reports made by Pilate to the emperor (the Anaphora Pilati to Emperor Tiberius and the Letter of Pilate to Claudius to Claudius) on the crucifixion, in which Pilate recounts Jesus' death and resurrection, blaming the Jews. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). He was then ordered back to Rome to stand trial for cruelty and oppression, particularly on the charge that he had executed men without proper trial. [143] The apocryphal Gospel of Peter completely exonerates Pilate for the crucifixion, which is instead performed by Herod Antipas. Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate And in my sweat of pity, for Pontius was a just man and very learned, I woke. Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 CE) who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. Historians like Josephus and Philo . Founder, MD Paelon Memorial Hospital, Entrepreneur , Paediatrician , ISTM Certified Travel Medicine Physician, Conflict Dynamics Certified Mediator, Experienced Primary Care Physician 1 She is only mentioned in relation to her husband, Pontius Pilate, so background from her husband's life and policies in the Jewish territories provides some context for her surroundings.Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26 . "[288] This, combined with the general lack of information on Pilate's long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. Josephuss references appear to be consistent. [286] These include John 18:35 (numquid ego Iudaeus sum? Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. [64][65] Bond dates the incident to 31, sometime after Sejanus's death in 17 October. "[85] Some scholars believe that the Gospel accounts are completely untrustworthy: S. G. F. Brandon argued that in reality, rather than vacillating on condemning Jesus, Pilate unhesitatingly executed him as a rebel. The novel centers on an extended dialogue between Pilate and Jesus witnessed in a vision by the narrator Avdii Kallistratov, a former seminarian. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii (hence his name Pontius). [268] The 1959 film Ben-Hur shows Pilate (the Australian actor, Frank Thring, Jr.) presiding over a chariot race, in a scene that Ann Wroe says "seemed closely modeled on the Hitler footage of the 1936 Olympics," with Pilate bored and sneering. [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. Pontius Pilate was a Roman governor who governed the province of Judaea from 26 to 36 AD. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. [174] In the Golden Legend, Pilate is portrayed as closely associated with Judas, first coveting the fruit in the orchard of Judas's father Ruben, then granting Judas Ruben's property after Judas has killed his own father. . [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. Pontius Pilate's wife "According to later Western Christian legend, influenced by her name in Pseudo-Dexter, Claudia Procula was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty,[11] the illegitimate daughter of Caesar Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder. Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". [8] Coins that he minted have survived from Pilate's governorship, as well as a single inscription, the so-called Pilate stone. As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. 4. 1 Timothy 6:13 chapter context similar meaning "I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession;" 1 Timothy 6:13 KJV copy save I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; A second inscription, which has since been lost,[114] has historically been associated with Pontius Pilate. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. [15] Besides these texts, dated coins in the name of emperor Tiberius minted during Pilate's governorship have survived, as well as a fragmentary short inscription that names Pilate, known as the Pilate Stone, the only inscription about a Roman governor of Judaea predating the Roman-Jewish Wars to survive. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. [86] Paul Winter explained the discrepancy between Pilate in other sources and Pilate in the gospels by arguing that Christians became more and more eager to portray Pontius Pilate as a witness to Jesus' innocence, as persecution of Christians by the Roman authorities increased. [66], In another incident recorded in both the Jewish Wars (2.9.4) and the Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.2), Josephus relates that Pilate offended the Jews by using up the temple treasury (korbanos) to pay for a new aqueduct to Jerusalem. "[104] Taylor notes that Philo discusses Pilate as though he were already dead in the Embassy to Gaius, although he is writing only a few years after Pilate's tenure as governor. [42], Pilate was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to Pilate. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. [191] The majority of depictions from this time period come from France or Germany, belonging to Carolingian or later Ottonian art,[192] and are mostly on ivory, with some in frescoes, but no longer on sculpture except in Ireland. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. First Apology 35. His biographical details before and after . [19], The sources give no indication of Pilate's life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. It is known from the ancient tradition that Pontius Pilate and his spouse were executed. [72] The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. The Jews hated him and his administration, for he was not only very severe, but showed little consideration for their susceptibilities. Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. They decided therefore to accuse Jesus before the governor, Pontius Pilate (6), of a political offense: rebellion against the Emperor, implied in Jesus' claim to be 'King of the Jews.' According to Luke (23:6-12) Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (as 'he belonged to Herod's jurisdiction') who sent him back to Pilate (7). [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [264] During the Ecce homo scene, the eagle stands in the background between Jesus and Pilate, with a wing above each figure; after hesitantly condemning Jesus, Pilate passes back to the eagle, which is now framed beside him, showing his isolation in his decision and, McDonough suggests, causing the audience to question how well he has served the emperor. [55] Joan Taylor argues that Pilate had a policy of promoting the imperial cult, which may have caused some of the friction with his Jewish subjects. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. [117][116] MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate's association with the Italian village of Ameria [] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries agoquite creatively, it would seemto provide substance for the legend. [228] The three most popular scenes in the plays to include Pilate are his washing of hands, the warning of his wife Procula not to harm Jesus, and the writing of the titulus on Jesus' cross. "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. [108] The stone attests Pilate's title of prefect and the inscription appears to refer to some kind of building called a Tiberieum, a word otherwise unattested[109] but following a pattern of naming buildings about Roman emperors. [273] The trial takes place in Pilate's private stables, implying that Pilate does not think the judgment of Jesus very important, and no attempt is made to take any responsibility from Pilate for Jesus's death, which he orders without any qualms. This is stated by those Greek historians who have recorded the Olympiads, together with the respective events which have taken place in each period.[11]. by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. [197] In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. The Samaritans reported Pilate to Vitellius, legate of Syria, after he attacked them on Mount Gerizim (36 ce). Josephus states his inferential judgment that Pilate was deeply affected with their firm resolution, suggesting his own strength of character. Pilate's Life ; "What is truth? [210] Pilate's characterization varies greatly from play to play, but later plays frequently portray Pilate somewhat ambiguously, though he is usually a negative character, and sometimes an evil villain. The Byzantine chronicler George Kedrenos (c.1100) wrote that Pilate was condemned by Caligula to die by being left in the sun enclosed in the skin of a freshly slaughtered cow, together with a chicken, a snake, and a monkey. Falvius Josephus. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. [94] This dates the end of Pilate's governorship to 36/37. [20] His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman. [280] The mention of Pilate in the creeds serves to mark the passion as a historical event. The sons of Herod the Great petitioned him to remove the shields, but Pilate refused. [259], The majority of literary texts about Pilate come from the time after the Second World War, a fact which Alexander Demandt suggests shows a cultural dissatisfaction with Pilate having washed his hands of guilt. [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. Some standards bearing the image of Tiberius, which had been set up by him in Jerusalem, caused an outbreak which would have ended in a massacre had not Pilate given way. [168] The tradition may go back to a misread Latin inscription on the tower. [11] The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria,[12] the Jewish Wars (c.74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c.94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 6670), Luke (composed between 8590), Matthew (composed between 8590), and John (composed between 90110);[11] he is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (composed between 8590) and by the First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century). Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. "), John 18:38 (Quid est veritas? [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. Jesus mentions the tower in Siloam in the context of answering a question about a recent tragedy in Jerusalem. Pilate was appointed by the Roman emperor Tiberius as governor of Judaea and was tasked with maintaining order and control . He had to be. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. [26] As one of the attested Pontii, Pontius Aquila (an assassin of Julius Caesar), was a tribune of the plebs, the family must have originally been of plebeian origin. [176] One tradition states that Pilate was banished to Vienne where a Roman ruin is associated with his tomb; according to another, Pilate took refuge in a mountain (now called Mount Pilatus) in modern Switzerland, before eventually committing suicide in a lake on its summit. [48] Moreover, Maier argues that Pilate could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. [122] This theory was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about the designs. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to riot. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. Pilate's family become Christians after Jesus miraculously cures Pilate's daughters of their deaf-muteness. But the Jewish leaders did care. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. [235] In the 1493 Frankfurter Passionsspiel, on the other hand, Pilate himself accuses Christ. According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. [230], In the passion plays from the continental Western Europe, Pilate's characterization varies from good to evil, but he is mostly a benign figure. The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. Justin Martyr. According to Josephus, Pilate's removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. "[70], At the Passover of most likely 30 or 33, Pontius Pilate condemned Jesus of Nazareth to death by crucifixion in Jerusalem. [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. [269] Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of Pilate and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! He and his wife are venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; their feast day is June 25. Pilate made several bad decisions while in Judea and Sejanus had supported him and kept him our of trouble with Rome. [158] In the Greek Paradosis Pilati (5th century),[152] Pilate is arrested for the crime of executing Jesus, although he has since converted to be a follower of Christ. The Jews hated him and his administration, for he was not only very severe, but showed little consideration for their susceptibilities. The angel said to the women, Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified. [217], Following this longer period in which few depictions of Pilate were made, the increased religiosity of the mid-nineteenth century caused a slew of new depictions of Pontius Pilate to be created, now depicted as a Roman. [233] In Arnoul Grban's fifteenth-century Passion, Pilate instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus. [168] This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 CE onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. Pilate dies seven months later. 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