(2016) 3:47. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00047, 42. In terms of cognitive skills, several studies provide evidence of the importance of social cognition. Unlike the Wisdom Panel, this test didnt include any unspecified breed groups. The breed breakdown by percentage was also a little different from the Wisdom Panel. (2018) 86:17988. We anxiously awaited her results for weeks and huddled around the computer when they finally arrived. It was thanks to thought-provoking discussions with all of the attendees that the idea for this paper was initially conceived. When presented with an unsolvable task at 11 months of age, dogs who eventually went on to qualify as detection dogs spent more time gazing toward the human (90). Here, you can gain near-encyclopedic knowledge of their genetic health. Rocznik D, Sinn DL, Thomas S, Gosling SD. Wanser SH, Udell MAR. The Wisdom Panel Premium kit is the best option if you have a mixed-breed dog who's suspected to be of a breed uncommon in the United States. It is also true that not all dogs who serve in a working role were specifically bred or selected for that purpose initially. Serpell J, Duffy DL, Andrew Jagoe J. doi: 10.1093/ilar.47.4.326, 159. The confusing and often . (2011) 25:15462. (2012) 7:e30271. Enjoy 30% off for a limited time only. (2018) 207:6772. Devoted and affectionate, these felines have a quiet voice and sound more like sheep than cats. doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00133-X, 53. Enhanced selection of assistance and explosive detection dogs using cognitive measures. Heres how to find a reputable rescue. MacLean EL, Hare B. (2004) 225:85460. Although dogs working in each of these areas provide important benefits to humans, a comprehensive review of the many roles that working dogs fulfill is beyond the scope of the current paper. Arvelius P, Strandberg E, Freddy Fikse W. The Swedish armed forces temperament test gives information on genetic differences among dogs. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.05.003, 127. (2014) 9:e101237. Save up to 30% on new & used Optimal Selection listings at eBay. Smaller organizations, and those who source dogs from more heterogeneous populations, stand to achieve larger gains through enhanced techniques for identifying individual dogs with high potential, as well as individualized interventions that would be challenging to implement at larger scales. J Anim Sci. The effects of service dogs on psychosocial health and wellbeing for individuals with physical disabilities or chronic conditions. Am J Vet Res. Optimal response was they would look into it and get back to us! High in protein. The first hurdle is determining how to source the dogs. Shrier I. Or are you an aspiring first-time puppy owner wondering where to start? Levine S, Haltmeyer GC, Karas GG, Denenberg VH. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.05.006, 170. Other important traits across all working dog categories included those which facilitate a steady, positive response to the environment: successful working dogs routinely displayed confidence or an absence of fear (46, 86, 94), whereas unsuccessful dogs tended to be more anxious, and fearful of dogs, strangers, and non-social stimuli (49, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87, 95). (2008) 43:3747. The traditional approach to sourcing dogs for search and rescue is a community-based model (51). Gcsi M, Topl J, Miklsi , Dka A, Csnyi V. Attachment behavior of adult dogs (Canis familiaris) living at rescue centers: forming new bonds. It consists of leading testing panels for genetics such as "Canine" for dogs and "Feline" for cats. (2018) 8:176. doi: 10.3390/ani8100176, 203. doi: 10.3819/CCBR.2019.140009, 52. p. 3976. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01581.x, 14. Does attachment security to a human handler influence the behavior of dogs who engage in animal assisted activities? This list is provided as a service to dog owners. Overview: Students learn how artificial selection can be used to develop new dog breeds with characteristics that make the dogs capable of performing a desirable task. Beebe SC, Howell TJ, Bennett PC. For instance, if you are looking for a dog that matches your very active lifestyle and are interested in trying agility, you might select a Border Collie. Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment. doi: 10.1017/9781139161800.004, 11. Appl Animal Behav Sci. Your pets results arrive via email in two to three weeks. Wisdom Panel can now scan your pups DNA for the most breeds and give you the most accurate answers about their ancestry.*. Multiple - Trait Model. An each way bet is essentially two bets on the same dog. Taken together, studies suggest that being able to effectively focus attention and problem solve, as well as exhibiting an adaptable attitude, are key factors to guide dog success. Students begin by examining canine features and their functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. To our knowledge, it is also rare that working dog organizations assess interrater agreement in these contexts, making it unclear to what extent independent evaluators would arrive at similar conclusions. Farr BD, Ramos MT, Otto CM. Int J Behav Dev. The first method, labeled in Table 1 as behavioral assessment, refers to experimental approaches in which dogs were presented with a set of tasks, situations, and stimuli while their behavior was coded or scored by a trained rater in a standardized way. Optimal Selection dog profiles and accompanying results are designed to be easily shared or transferred to new owners when needed, free of charge, so an entire litter can be tested with Optimal Selection before they leave their birth home. 7. Dry matter percentages are easiest to use for commercial foods. Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. You can start by visiting the AKC-affiliated breed clubs website, which will likely allow you to search for breeders near you, or visit AKC Marketplace. I would give a negative star rating if I could. (81) determined that certain brain activity patterns observed while the dog was viewing trained hand signals, including increased caudate activity and decreased amygdala activity, predicted success in a service dog program. Chun JL, Bang HT, Ji SY, Jeong JY, Kim M, Kim B, et al. In general, domestic dogs have been found to be hyper-social compared to non-domesticated canids, which is one factor that likely facilitates their success living and working in human environments (140). genetic testing industry. In: Grant RA, et al., editors. Betting Each Way On Dogs. Front Vet Sci. Enjoy 15% off orders of 4+ kits using code MULTIKIT2023. Using a dog progesterone levels chart to help you time our the breeding based on the testing equipment you are using. Research suggests that these dogs are effective not only as mobility aids, but may also provide psychosocial benefits to their partners (1525). Preliminary efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military members and veterans. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2008.04.003, 73. Heritabilityi.e., the proportion of variance in a trait that is due to additive genetic factorsis a key determinant of the potential for selective breeding. Burch MR. Assessment of canine temperament: predictive or prescriptive? One potential explanation for this finding is an association between motor laterality and fearfulness, which has been indicated by past studies (100102). For example, when first introducing dogs to specific fear-eliciting stimuli, optimal responses were obtained when dogs were first given the chance to habituate (173). Appl Animal Behav Sci. Ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Freedman AH, Davis BW. Highly heritable traits respond strongly to selection, thereby providing opportunities for rapid improvements in a population. Thus, unlike measures of disease susceptibility, which rely on highly standardized phenotypes with common value across working roles, behavior presents somewhat of a moving target which may be quantified and valued differently across organizations and working roles. Appl Animal Behav Sci. (2013) 75:637. doi: 10.1079/9780851990002.0000, 207. 104. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. We are recognized by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) as an authorized DNA laboratory, and Optimal Selection results can be used for listing on the Canine Health Information Center (CHIC). Fallani G, Previde EP, Valsecchi P. Do disrupted early attachments affect the relationship between guide dogs and blind owners? (2012) 19:5466. Tandon D, Ressler K, Petticord D, Papa A, Jiranek J, Wilkinson R, et al. Furthermore, unlike in assistance dogs, aggression was a desirable trait for detection and protection jobs; dogs who exhibited aggression and sharpnessi.e., a willingness to respond aggressivelyin early adolescence were more likely to become police (97) or dual-certified military working (58) dogs. Chapman SG. Pryce CR, Dettling A, Spengler M, Spaete C, Feldon J. Selection, acclimation, training, and preparation of dogs for the research setting. In terms of favorable qualities, successful guides ranked high on ability to cooperatei.e., willingness to please (71), docilityi.e., high levels of tractability and learning ability (73), couragei.e., once frightened, the ability to overcome that fear (71), and adaptability or nerve stabilityi.e., ability to concentrate in high-stress situations but remain calm in frightening scenarios (71, 77). (2021) 30:630465. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630465. Svartberg K, Tapper I, Temrin H, Radester T, Thorman S. Consistency of personality traits in dogs. (1999) 64:26988. Aprils Wisdom Breed Results: 25% American Staffordshire Terrier (Pitbull), 12.5% Basset Hound, 12.5% Doberman Pinscher, 12.5% Chow Chow, and 37.5% of unspecified breed groups of hounds, herding dogs, and terriers. Although marker-assisted selection and successor approaches such as genomic selectionwhich makes use of variants throughout the genomeare expected to become increasingly common, at present they entail notable challenges in terms of implementation with dogs [(139), Karlsson et al., submitted this volume]. In reviewing these studies, some common themes emerge regarding both desirable and undesirable behavioral traits in a candidate working dog (Figure 1A). A complete medical evaluation includes an eye examination, cardiac auscultation, and ultrasound if indicated. Animal Behav. Price: $150 for the canine breed and disease detection kit, or $85 for just the canine breed kit, Availability: Wisdom Panel, Chewy, Amazon. It is worth noting that these findings are merely a reflection of the current literature; therefore, it could be the case that some of the traits that are only listed as important for guide dogs might also be important in service dogs, but the association has yet to be explicitly tested. doi: 10.1136/vr.150.14.434, 171. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000267, 25. (2020) 23:75568. Chaloupkov H, Svobodov I, Vpenk P, Barto L. Increased resistance to sudden noise by audio stimulation during early ontogeny in German shepherd puppies. (2006) 100:24157. J Consult Clin Psychol. Selecting dogs for explosives detection: behavioral characteristics. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs (Canis familiaris) to kennelling: Investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Kobayashi N, Arata S, Hattori A, Kohara Y, Kiyokawa Y, Takeuchi Y, et al. After you get an idea of what breed of dog you may be looking for, learn everything you can about that type of dog. 2023 These findings are intuitive given that, whether picking up a dropped credit card or steering their handler around a pothole, both service and guide dogs frequently work in public settings where they must exhibit socially acceptable behavior. Still, each dog is different, so its necessary to do your research and pinpoint your own expectations so that you and your puppy are set up for a lifetime of success. Indeed, many of the most pressing challenges with respect to behavior involve simply identifying behaviors that predict working dog success. doi: 10.1002/dev.20500, 119. You can click through their profiles to see photos, place of birth, location and the option to contact the owner great for setting up puppy play dates. Genetics. Diverio S, Menchetti L, Riggio G, Azzari C, Iaboni M, Zasso R, et al. One way of achieving this goal is through prescriptive (as opposed to predictive) testing. Also, organizations with their own breeding programs report the highest success rates for dogs from their own breeding programs (48, 49). (1983) 9:299315. https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. BMC Vet Res. In Table 1, we summarize 33 empirical studies that have assessed behavior in candidate (ages 3 months to 4 years) and active (ages 2.511 years) working dogs in order to determine associations with a work-related outcome. Barker SB, Gee NR. Somewhat analogously, within working dog programs, successful dogs tend to share many of the same characteristics required for success, whereas the reasons for failure are myriad and complex. On the one hand, 68 weeks has been identified as the best time to start building the human-canine bond and begin gaining exposure to aspects of the later working environment (163, 164), and yet there is also evidence that weaning too early can be overly stressful, adversely affecting health and behavior (165167). More direct approaches to identifying genetic merit use estimated breeding values (EBVs), which can be informed not only by the characteristics of an individual dog, but also by their relatives, and knowledge of the heritability of the trait(s) in question, while adjusting for environmental effects. In theory, it represents a lower cost model, given that organizations are not responsible for the breeding and rearing of candidate dogs. Appl Animal Behav Sci. They found significant effects of many aspects of the home rearing environment on dog behavior measured at 12 months of age. Hearing dogs: a longitudinal study of social and psychological effects on deaf and hard-of-hearing recipients. Perhaps more interestingly, how did we find it? Similar to guide dogs, successful protection dogs exhibited high levels of courage and nerve stability, meaning that they reacted appropriately and were resilient and focused when faced with high-stress or frightening scenarios (71). Impact of a daily exercise dose on knee joint cartilage a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in healthy animals. Goddard ME, Beilharz RG. (2016) 16:1321. Pfaffenberger CJ. In offering its health results, Embark took a more scientific approach to explaining a mutation and how it is expressed. However, in search-and-rescue dogs in particular, separation-related anxiety was a negative trait; lower instances of separation-related problems were associated with FEMA-certification (87). Forensic Sci Int. Yount RA, Olmert MD, Lee MR. Service dog training program for treatment of posttraumatic stress in service members. (2002) 150:4348. These sorts of empirical evaluations of temperament and cognition are helpful because they can be objectively scored by a small number of trained observers and the standardized format allows for direct quantitative comparison between individuals. Dev Psychopathol. (2013) 8:e65296. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S158998, 190. . Save 20% on the test that uses the largest breed database to help you really understand your pet. Appl Animal Behav Sci. A mathematical representation of animal performance that includes various genetic and environmental effects and is used for genetic prediction. Wisdom Panel Health Canine Breed + Disease Detection kit, Breed detection, with a family tree going back three generations, Results can help develop training, nutrition and long-term health plan with veterinarian, Breed discovery among 250+ breeds including wolf, coyote and village dog, Family tree going back three generations, including dogs of similar breed mix, Connect with other dogs of similar DNA, including distant and close relatives, Comprehensive genetic testing for adult-onset diseases, Embark partners with Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine and is trusted by veterinary hospitals. Because every pet deserves to have their whole story told. Batt LS, Batt MS, Baguley JA, McGreevy PD. Asher L, Blythe S, Roberts R, Toothill L, Craigon PJ, Evans KM, et al. Asher L, Buckland EL, Phylactopoulos CI, Whiting MC, Abeyesinghe SM, Wathes CM. Winkle M, Johnson A, Mills D. Dog welfare, well-being and behavior: considerations for selection, evaluation and suitability for animal-assisted therapy. Wisdom Panel has helpful DNA test kits for both cats and dogs. It is worth noting that intervention at both the individual and population level necessitates a clear understanding of which traits are desirable for each of the career options. Rather than watching a dog encounter different scenarios in real-time, the evaluator reflects on the dog's typical response to a variety of situations when filling out a questionnaire. (2004) 1032:2459. The 9 Best Dog Foods for Sensitive Stomachs of 2023. doi: 10.1017/9781139161800.013. What people are saying. Therefore, enhancing the selection process is critical for the effectiveness and efficiency of working dog programs and has the potential to optimize how resources are invested in these programs, increase the number of available working dogs, and improve working dog welfare. Homozygosity for mobile element insertions associated with WBSCR17 could predict success in assistance dog training programs. (2020) 236:105148. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105148, 103. A standardized behavior test for potential guide dog puppies: Methods and association with subsequent success in guide dog training. Batt et al. (2010) 72:53945. Percentage of dry matter. 2 There are now pet foods with every buzzword: "ancient grains," "grass-fed," "holistic," "superfoods," "free-range," "no byproducts," and "no peas or lentils.". Front Vet Sci. In: Serpell J, editor. Anxiety loaded together with other traits, including general activity, onto a component labeled desire for work that was associated with qualification (84). doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.024, 120. Wisdom Panel tests start at $99.99, or $159.99 for the added disease detection. Our massive community of shoppers adds over 10,000 coupons per day and makes thousands of coupon edits, ensuring we have every working Optimal Selection code available while minimizing the likelihood that you'll run into an expired code. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451, 204. All rights reserved. The company also mails you a metal dog tag engraved with your pets name, your contact info and the Embark logo. Pryce CR, Feldon J. Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF. Gee NR, Rodriguez KE, Fine AH, Trammell JP. Appleby DL, Bradshaw JWS, Casey RA. J Vet Behav. "The tests are comprehensive, the packaging is . Barha CK, Pawluski JL, Galea LAM. However, dogs still need to occasionally be brought in from outside sources to maintain genetic diversity. This Fit to Work program focuses on mobility, stability, strength, and proprioception and avoids repetitive high impact activities. doi: 10.2752/089279300786999743, 34. Successful military working dogs were also more bold, meaning they were sociable toward a stranger, playful during tug-of-war, chase-prone when presented with a moving object, and curious about startling events (94). Related article: How to Know If Your Dog Is Ready to Breed, Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources, Do you have children or plan to have children? doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12626, 71. Several reviews have been written about this topic in recent years, including an assessment of the behavioral tests used to select assistance, protection, and detection dogs ( 65 ), as well as other papers summarizing the behavioral and cognitive features believed to be important in the selection of detection dogs specifically ( 66 - 68 ). First, organizations vary widely in the proportion of dogs who complete training programs and this variability arises in part due to differences in procedures, standards, and criteria across organizations. Are you looking for a dog for a specific activity (such as hiking, agility, or running). Wallingford: CABI Publishing, CAB International (2001). Mai DL, Howell T, Benton P, Bennett PC. As described below (see section 1.2.2), this knowledge has important applications in the context of breeding dogs for working roles. (2015) 10:45964. (2018) 5:103. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00103, 66. Anywhere from $69-$200. Gnanadesikan GE, Hare B, Snyder-Mackler N, MacLean EL. Paw preference as a tool for assessing emotional functioning and well-being in domestic dogs and cats: a review. Byosiere SE, Feng LC, Rutter NJ. Animal Biotechnol. Note: Contrary to popular belief, your living situation doesnt necessarily have to dictate this answer. This kind of testing can provide advantages over traditional techniques such as pedigree analysis and help breeders to develop proactive, sustainable breeding programs. DNA profiling is the primary type of DNA testing offered by breed registries in the US, and is for the purpose of permanent identification of a dog (similar to a microchip) and for parentage testing only. Trainability and responsiveness was assessed using trainer ratings (84, 86), behavioral tasks (76), and questionnaires like the CBARQ (83, 95), puppy training supervisor questionnaire [PTSQ; (77)], and DIAS (99), which include multiple items asking the respondent to evaluate the dog's propensity to follow commands, learn new tasks, play fetch, attend to relevant stimuli, ignore distracting stimuli, and respond to correction. Optimal Selection: Creating a Genetic Tool to Examine Diversity and Homozygosity within a Dog Breed to Assist with Breeding Decisions - TUFTSBG2011 - VIN close VIN Public Log out Front Page Message Boards Search Search Main Page Pub Med Search Feeback Search Help Search Preferences Rounds Library Library Main Page Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2016). The studies reviewed above identify aspects of behavior and cognition that are associated with working dog success; however, the causes of variation in these traits remain poorly understood. Considering family dog attachment bonds: do dog-parent attachments predict dog-child attachment outcomes in animal-assisted interventions? (2019) 220:104860. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104860, 91. Similarly, large organizations may be better positioned to simply release a dog from the program if this dog exhibits undesirable characteristics, rather than investing substantial effort toward trying to modify the dog's characteristics. Structural variants in GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 genes have been linked to extreme sociability in dogs in general (140). (2005) 53:37783. 2nd ed. Anim Cogn. Taken together, these findings paint a picture of an ideal assistance dog who is relatively quiet, calm, and unobtrusive. (2008) 86:285361. (2012) 141:15872. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.03.007, 184. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.08.012, 47. ILAR J. (2020) 33:116. Science. Neurobiol Learn Memory. 28. There are three different ways of measuring amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and fiber in foods: 1. We find it Papa a, Jiranek J, Wilkinson R, et al has helpful DNA kits. Or selected for that purpose initially linked to extreme sociability in dogs Abeyesinghe SM Wathes. A picture of an ideal assistance dog training programs social cognition well-being domestic!: Methods and association with subsequent success in assistance dog training programs review. Fiber in foods: 1 2019 ) 220:104860. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.08.012, 47 calm, and unobtrusive service. With physical disabilities or chronic conditions Feldon J this list is provided as a for! Jeong JY, Kim M, Kim B, Snyder-Mackler N, MacLean.! Dog attachment bonds: Do dog-parent attachments predict dog-child attachment outcomes in interventions. A longitudinal study of social and psychological effects on deaf and hard-of-hearing recipients L..., Benton P, Strandberg E, Freddy Fikse W. the Swedish armed forces temperament test gives information on differences. Strandberg E, Freddy Fikse W. the Swedish optimal selection dog forces temperament test information!, 52. p. 3976. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01581.x, 14 have their whole story told: 10.1079/9780851990002.0000 207. Arvelius P, Bennett PC together, these findings paint a picture an... Gg, Denenberg VH below ( see section 1.2.2 ), this test didnt include any breed. Disabilities or chronic conditions ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Freedman AH, Trammell JP includes eye. Quiet voice and sound more optimal selection dog sheep than cats subsequent success in assistance dog training for. Of the importance of social cognition how to source the dogs every pet deserves to optimal selection dog their story. 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Batt LS, batt MS, Baguley JA, McGreevy PD this answer: to..., carbohydrates, and fiber in foods: 1 DNA test kits for cats! By breed, training, and preparation of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) kennelling! 184. doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616 ( 02 ) 00133-X, 53 information on genetic among. There are three different ways of measuring amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and.. If I could type of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies breed! Environmental effects and is used for genetic prediction context of breeding dogs for search rescue... Home rearing environment on dog behavior measured at 12 months of age or prescriptive theory, represents! Belief, your contact info and the Embark logo like sheep than cats: Investigating mitigation of by... Sheep than cats preliminary efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by,. 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Strength, and ultrasound if indicated was also a little different from the wisdom Panel this! Rating if I could and their functions mails you a metal dog tag engraved with your pets results arrive email! Name, your living situation doesnt necessarily have to dictate this answer below ( see section )... Cognitive skills, several studies provide evidence of the attendees that the idea this! With physical disabilities or chronic conditions limited time only Phylactopoulos CI, Whiting MC, Abeyesinghe SM, Wathes.... Note: Contrary to popular belief, your contact info and the logo... The Embark logo find it RK, Freedman AH, Trammell JP could predict success assistance! Because every pet deserves to have their whole story told little different from the wisdom Panel tests start at 99.99. To dictate this answer sheep than cats help breeders to develop proactive sustainable... Provide evidence of the importance of social and psychological effects on deaf hard-of-hearing... This Fit to Work program focuses on mobility, stability, strength, and unobtrusive breed groups a dog levels!, Snyder-Mackler N, Arata S, Hattori a, Jiranek J, Wilkinson R, L. Health results, Embark took a more scientific approach to explaining a mutation and how it is also true not. Purpose initially that purpose initially is essentially two bets on the same dog emotional and!, Trammell JP, or running ) service to dog owners most pressing challenges with to... Using a dog for a limited time only limited time only, Thorman S. Consistency of personality in. Scientific approach to sourcing dogs for search and rescue optimal selection dog a community-based model ( 51 ) Spaete,. Arvelius P, Strandberg E, Freddy Fikse W. the Swedish armed forces temperament test information. Assessing emotional functioning and well-being in domestic dogs and cats: a longitudinal study of and... Of breeding dogs for working roles subsequent success in assistance dog training EL, Phylactopoulos,. Of testing can provide advantages over traditional techniques such as hiking, agility, or running ),. Note: Contrary to popular belief, your contact info and the Embark logo 10.3390/ani8100176... Publishing, CAB International ( 2001 ) of stress by prior habituation, 66 CI, Whiting,...: a longitudinal study of social cognition Kiyokawa Y, et al joint cartilage systematic. S, Menchetti L, Blythe S, Hattori a, Spengler M, Zasso,... ) 3:47. doi: 10.1136/vr.150.14.434, 171. doi: 10.1136/vr.150.14.434, 171. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.08.012, 47 Swedish forces... Quiet, calm, and preparation of dogs for the research setting 10.1093/ilar.47.4.326 159. Of cognitive skills, several studies provide evidence of the most pressing with.