doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. Biochem. (2003). Nature 438, 90. doi: 10.1038/nature04056, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2006). Biofuels 7, 713721. Hydrolytic endo--1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain (Takeda et al., 2015). Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. Consequently, it may be a viable commercial strategy to use E. gracilis to produce these high-value products with biofuel commodities as a co-product (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2018). For example, introduction of acyl groups with different alkyl chain length into paramylon molecules has been shown to produce an alternative to petroleum-based resins (Shibakami et al., 2014). Besides random mutagenesis, targeted silencing of single genes has shown potential for improving WE yields. The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Mouse and rat studies, as well as experiments with different mammalian cell lines have been performed to determine the potential impact of the -1,3-glucan paramylon on human health. Prod. The two novel studies proposed Euglena gracilis as a working model of gravitaxis [4], and the applied molecular toolkits and methods can be used to bioengineer E . doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.009, Sonck, E., Stuyven, E., Goddeeris, B., and Cox, E. (2010). Express 7, 27032708. Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective. 70, 27202726. Euglena sp. Figure 3. J. Protozool. doi: 10.4172/2167-7972.1000102, Gissibl, A., Care, A., Parker, L.M., Iqbal, S., Hobba, G., Nevalainen, H., et al. Biochem. environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . Implications for the recognition of fungi by innate immunity. PT cultivation induces the synthesis of ascorbate in E. gracilis as a mechanism to cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during photosynthesis (ROS scavenging). Biochim. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). (2010). doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8, Shibakami, M., and Sohma, M. (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.027, Ogbonna, J., Ichige, E., and Tanaka, H. (2002). doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-25, Shimada, I., Nakamura, Y., Kato, S., Mori, R., Ohta, H., Suzuki, K., et al. (2013). Euglena gracilis cell mass has been shown to be a suitable source for the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion, producing around 650 or 800 mL biogas/g DW under PT or HT cultivation conditions, respectively (Grimm et al., 2015). J. Another example is the production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon (Shibakami et al., 2013a). Large scale cultivation of genetically modified microalgae: a new era for environmental risk assessment. (2018). Thermoplasticization of euglenoid -1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. All authors listed have made a direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Both species were acid tolerant, growing optimally at pH 2.5-7. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no reports of a commercial -tocopherol production using E. gracilis. Med. Chem. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714, Johansen, K.S. Trends Plant Sci. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . (2006). Vitaminol. The use of wastewater, municipal organic waste, compost or nutrition-rich waste products from the food industry such as potato liquor or dairy effluent could lower the costs by replacing or supplementing the HT growth medium with the additional benefit of potentially bioremediating these effluents (antek et al., 2012; Mahapatra et al., 2013; Yadavalli et al., 2014; Torihara and Kishimoto, 2015; Tossavainen et al., 2018). 2, 113. Biotechnol. Life Sci. Evaluation of the effects of feeding dried algae containing beta-1,3-glucan on broilers challenged with Eimeria. 133, 15171521. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.pisc.2015.07.002, O'Neill, E.C., Trick, M., Hill, L., Rejzek, M., Dusi, R.G., Hamilton, C.J., et al. Biomed. Front. Damude, H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and Xue, , Z. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. doi: 10.1126/science.1057324, Pollak, D.W., Bostick, M.W., Yoon, H., Wang, J., Hollerbach, D.H., He, H., et al. doi: 10.1186/s12870-017-1066-7, Kato, S., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Asahina, M., Takahashi, S., and Shinomura, T. (2016). Aims. 28, 15871592. Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. Chemical derivatives of paramylon (activated paramylon) have been shown to exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities. (1964). doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. (2018). It is related to plants, animals and fungi - all known as eukaryotes - but is a separate . doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013a). (1968). Advertisement randellpierre23 Answer: Sci. doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). There are several health benefits associated with -glucans, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects (Barsanti et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.038, Grimm, P., Risse, J.M., Cholewa, D., Mller, J.M., Beshay, U., Friehs, K., et al. J. doi: 10.1023/A:1010573218863, Yasuda, K., Ogushi, M., Nakashima, A., Nakano, Y., and Suzuki, K. (2018). Biol. Biosci. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.034223, Ntefidou, M., Ldtke, T., Ahmad, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2006). It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. Wax ester and lipophilic compound profiling of Euglena gracilis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: toward understanding of wax ester fermentation under hypoxia. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(69)90253-8, Barsanti, L., Bastianini, A., Passarelli, V., Tredici, M.R., and Gualtieri, P. (2000). Biophys. Cell Factories 16, 114. Figure 1. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037001038.x, Beacham, T.A., Sweet, J.B., and Allen, M.J. (2017). 39, 4960. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1443-0, Furuhashi, T., Ogawa, T., Nakai, R., Nakazawa, M., Okazawa, A., Padermschoke, A., et al. They respond to light with photophobic responses, photokinesis and phototaxis, all of which can result in accumulations of the organisms in suitable habitats. Opin. doi: 10.1007/s12257-010-0145-5, Zhu, G., Ou, Q., Zhang, T., Jiang, X., Sun, G., Zhang, N., et al. doi: 10.1021/jf990993o, Qi, B., Fraser, T., Mugford, S., Dobson, G., Sayanova, O., Butler, J., et al. Sakagami, H., Unten, S., Hanaoka, A., Ohsawa, N., Fujimaki, M., Komatsu, N., et al. Enhancement of photosynthetic capacity in Euglena gracilis by expression of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase leads to increases in biomass and wax ester production. Military Med. Euglena. Pharmaceut. 2019). A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. The Botryococcenes - hydrocarbons of novel structure from the alga Botryococcus braunii, Ktzing. J. Phycol. Beneragama) 7, 261275. It is a rich source of dietary protein, lipids -1,3-glucan, and -carotene. (1995). The methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Front. Microbiol. Bioresource Technol. 277, 3682536831. Cell Factories 12, 117. Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. The granules are ~16 m long, surrounded by a biomembrane and show an unusual high degree of crystallinity, setting them apart from other carbohydrate storage products found in plants and algae (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Bumer et al., 2001; Barsanti et al., 2011; Monfils et al., 2011). History of Euglena First evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Energy Res. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). 161, 11011106. Food Sci. Therefore, paramylon may be a suppressant of the T helper cells (Th) type 1 and type 2 responses and could be used as a potential therapy for AD (Sugiyama et al., 2010). Euglena is a very important organism within the environment as it is able to photosynthesize, thus taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere so that other organisms can survive Do you have 2 other reasons? (2009). The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Sci. Biochem. Euglena gracilis has a pathway for the synthesis of EPA and subsequently DHA (Figure 2D), and the enzymes within this pathway have been characterised biochemically. Suzuki, K., Nakashima, A., Igarashi, M., Saito, K., Konno, M., Yamazaki, N., et al. It is capable of photoautotrophic (using sunlight), heterotrophic (using an external carbon source), and mixotropic (combining both modes) growth (Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; antek et al., 2010; Buetow, 2011). Biosci. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment. Antioxidants 6, 118. ATCC 31749 by addition of low-polyphosphates. Activation of macrophages by linear (1 3)--D-glucans. BioSyst. The overall titre can be increased to 86.5 mg/L culture by the fed-batch two-step (MT to PT) cultivation method discussed above (Takeyama et al., 1997). They possess two flagellae, one long, one short, which can allow the organisms to move. Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). Multi-stage Process for Production of Immune Modulator. For example, expression of the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene in E. gracilis chloroplasts was shown to significantly enhance its photosynthetic activity, as well as the paramylon yield (by almost 2-fold), the WE yield under anaerobic conditions (~100-fold) and the biomass yield (~2-fold) (Ogawa et al., 2015). Another way to produce biogas consisting mostly of methane from microalgal biomass is through anaerobic digestion by a consortium of microorganisms. Single cell protein production of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Shigeoka, S., Onishi, T., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1986). Euglena gracilis, a microalgal species . Despite substantial evidence for the health-enhancing bioactivities of paramylon and paramylon-derived compounds as outlined above, we are not aware of any clinical studies confirming these claims. Thermal, crystalline, and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of paramylon monoesters derived from an euglenoid polysaccharide. Bull. nitrogen, and phosphorus) under the oxygen-free environment led to a favorable condition for lipid accumulation. doi: 10.1186/s12934-017-0834-2, Teerawanichpan, P., and Qiu, X. Antiviral Res. PUFAs of the -3 or -6 series are defined by their first double bond at the position between the third and fourth or sixth and seventh carbon counted from the methyl end, respectively, and are considered essential for mammalian nutrition. (2017). Biotechnol. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. Comparable levels of 40 mg/L culture or 3.7 mg/g DW were reached after a relatively short incubation time of 120 h using a bleached strain in HT batch cultivation with a medium supplemented with ethanol, glutamate and malate (Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1984). Fish Shellfish Immunol. doi: 10.3945/an.114.006254, Tucci, S., Vacula, R., Krajcovic, J., Proksch, P., and Martin, W. (2010). J. Pharmacol. Biochim. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. These factors need to be taken into account when determining the most favourable time of harvest. Occurrence of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. As some microalgal species, including Chlorella sp. Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties. Original data collection and draft preparation by AG. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.012. Although these enzymes reportedly play a key role in E. gracilis ascorbate synthesis, a comparison between radiotracer studies indicated that the pathway flux is controlled by the epimerisation reaction catalysed by the uridine diphosphate D-glucuronate 4-epimerase (Shigeoka et al., 1979; Ishikawa et al., 2006; Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008). Korn, E.D. Soc. However, the metabolic conversion efficiency of -carotene to vitamin A, generally considered to be 12:1, is dependent on several factors (e.g., bioavailability) and always needs to be taken into account in a dietary context (Weber and Grune, 2012). However, the current chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is still laborious and product yields are very low despite some advances in the field, whereas enzymatic synthesis has been considered as a technically feasible option (Plante et al., 2001; Ogawa et al., 2014). Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an ability to thrive in a range of harsh environments. Wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Kataoka, H., Shimura, T., Mizoshita, T., Kubota, E., Mori, Y., Mizushima, T., et al. Phycol. Euglena gracilis is a promising alternative supplement because it's a source of dietary protein, pro vitamins, lipids and the -1,3-glucan paramylon, in fact, studies have demonstrated that microalgae biomass can be a potential substitute for soybean and fish meal (Aemiro et al. 94, 13331350. Biochem. Structural and functional analysis of three beta-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis. A green and efficient technology for sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from Euglena gracilisEuglena gracilis Nutr. Kuhaudomlarp, S., Patron, N.J., Henrissat, B., Rejzek, M., Saalbach, G., and Field, R.A. (2018). Two examples are high-throughput optofluidic image cytometry, where lipid-overproducing mutants can be identified without the need for staining of the cells with potentially phenotype-altering dyes, and fluorescence imaging flow cytometry, which allows the normalisation of fluorescence values against the cell size to avoid false-negative results (i.e., mislabelling of small cells with relatively high fluorescence values) (Lei et al., 2016; Muoz et al., 2018). (2012). J. Nutr. 57, 6369. Determination of the nutritive value of Euglena gracilis protein by in vitro digestion experiments and rat feeding tests. Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. Production of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1039/C3MT00313B, Garca-Garca, J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R., and Moreno-Snchez, R. (2018). 16, 3441. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.001, Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A.M., and Gualtieri, P. (2011). 314, 10791086. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. (2013). Characterization of -tocopherol methyltransferases from Capsicum annuum L and Arabidopsis thaliana. Suzuki, K. (2017). In Japan, an open pond system (30 m in diameter, 20 cm deep and stirred for aeration) for commercial PT cultivation of E. gracilis has been shown to be economically feasible and it can be expected that outdoor systems would be easily implemented in other countries such as Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, the USA and Vietnam (Suzuki, 2017). (2017). doi: 10.2216/09-112.1, Mller, C., Ortmann, T., Abi, A., Hartig, D., Scholl, S., and Jrdening, H.-J. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0264-5, Ogawa, Y., Noda, K., Kimura, S., Kitaoka, M., and Wada, M. (2014). 207, 8390. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.383. Wax ester fermentation and its application for biofuel production, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 269283. While some microalgae may achieve higher total lipid contents (Table 1), E. gracilis has the competitive advantage of a better WE/total lipid ratio of up to 0.8 g/g, as lipids produced by most microalgae are typically FAs (Maxwell et al., 1968; Tucci et al., 2010; Matos, 2017; Khan et al., 2018). J. Pharmacol. Perspect. Buetow, D.E. The contents and subcellular distribution of tocopherols in Euglena gracilis. 64, 415419. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary -1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. It has a highly flexible cell surface, allowing it to change shape from a thin cell up to 100 m long, to a sphere of approximately 20 m. J. Clin. (2001). The proposed medium would likely have to be sterilised and the cultivation system kept closed to avoid fast-growing contaminants, increasing the overall cost of the process (Suzuki, 2017). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02189.x, Wallis, J.G., and Browse, J. Genet. (2013). doi: 10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001, Apel, A.C., and Weuster-Botz, D. (2015). Here we present an overview of valuable bioproducts (e.g., dietary protein, provitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, lipids, and paramylon) and their cultivation condition-dependent synthesis in E. gracilis with special consideration to their industrial relevance and future development (Figure 1). Cell Res. J. Neurol. 77, 273279. Foods 6, 121. Production of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor. Some species can form green or red "blooms" in ponds or lakes. doi: 10.1111/and.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Fortwendel, J.R. (2016). Euglena gracilis as source of the antioxidant vitamin E. Effects of culture conditions in the wild strain and in the natural mutant WZSL. 1A) is around 50 m in length. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100025, Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., Ianaro, A., Tenore, G.C., Pani, L., et al. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic flagellate was first observed by van Leeuwenhoek in 1684 (Dobell, 1932) and formally described by Klebs in 1883. . (2015). The single cells are biflagellate, with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell. (2011). Eur. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). (Table 1) (de Oliveira et al., 1999; Tokuoglu and nal, 2003; Ramazanov and Ramazanov, 2006;Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). In vivo 3, 243247. Towards this end, an E. gracilis -1,3-glycosyl transferase (paramylon synthase) complex has been purified, characterised, and shown to convert uridine diphosphate D-glucose into -1,3-glucan. 12, 515520. Accordingly, the cells synthesise FAs, fatty alcohols (FAlcs) and ultimately WEs in larger quantities from paramylon under oxygen-limiting conditions (Inui et al., 1984; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015; Yoshida et al., 2016). Paramylon is uniquely produced by euglenoids, deposited as granules in the cytosol, and readily degraded and utilised as a carbon source under carbon starvation (Malkoff and Buetow, 1964; Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001; Monfils et al., 2011). Bioprocess Biosyst. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Phycol. (2005). 109, 21602172. Biochem. Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 15 May 2019. The typical ascorbate titre of a PT-cultivated E. gracilis is around 4 mg/g DW or 8 mg/L culture, whereas it is negligible for E. gracilis cultivated under HT conditions (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Hasan et al., 2017). Hepatogastroenterology 56, 547550. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. The effect of -glucans on porcine leukocytes. 37, 178185. 68, 11441148. Front. (a) Culturing Euglena gracilis Klebs as batch cultures under 210 mol m-2 s-1; (b) Euglena gracilis Klebs growing under 210 mol m-2 s-1 at the exponential phase (Images by C.K. Microb. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of Euglena gracilis in response to anaerobic conditions. 1.31) from Euglena gracilis Z. Arch. However, the actual yields observed outdoors were much lower and the factors that were responsible for the discrepancy have not been reported (Suzuki, 2017). doi: 10.1104/pp.84.3.609, Isegawa, Y., Watanabe, F., Kitaoka, S., and Nakano, Y. 245, 274282. bioRxiv 2017, 159. So far, the highest reported total -tocopherol titres of 44.2 mg/L culture or 1.1 mg/g DW were achieved with E. gracilis in HT fed-batch cultivation after 455 h in a medium containing ethanol as a carbon source (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Agricult. Furthermore, there are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens. Nutr. (2016). (2018). Plant Sci. 82, 16011605. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. Paramylon also can act as a potent antioxidant protecting mice from acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 treatment and was shown to alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice caused by a combination of streptozocin injection and high fat diet when orally administered at a dosage of 1 or 3 g/kg bodyweight (BW) per day, respectively (Sugiyama et al., 2009; Nakashima et al., 2018a). The nanofibres can be surface-modified with functional groups (e.g., carboxylic acid) and could serve as stimuli-responsive polymers or drug delivery systems (Shibakami et al., 2013b). doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, D., and Grune, T. (2012). 4, 16851690. This is followed by the extraction of the WEs with an organic solvent and column purification, resulting in the production of a source of biofuel (Arashida and Mitra, 2015; Matos, 2017). 54, 255259. Fuel 80, 747756. Built genome and transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis using relational databases e.g. Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). 74, 714722. It is likely that certain disadvantages of HT cultivation prevented its realisation such as the cost of the medium containing an organic carbon source like glucose (antek et al., 2010). Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1980). 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid -1,3-glucans. Biochem. Arch. Biotechnol. 8, 118. (2017). Nickel accumulation by the green algae-like Euglena gracilis. 1128, 220226. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90509-0, Ishikawa, T., Masumoto, I., Iwasa, N., Nishikawa, H., Sawa, Y., Shibata, H., et al. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu, ., and nal, M.K. 22, 327333. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J., Palmacci, E.R., and Seeberger, P.H. *Correspondence: Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna@mq.edu.au, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Purification and properties of laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4. Osaka Prefecture Ser. Paramylon and other -1,3-glucans are of special interest because of their reported immunostimulatory and antimicrobial bioactivities (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001; Russo et al., 2017; Gissibl et al., 2018). Carbohydrate Polymers 105, 9096. 50, 10631065. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Algae need their vitamins. Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration ( Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018 ). 16, 112. Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E. Mol. From the middle of the twentieth century, microalgae have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other products. 38, 9951008. Bioresource Technol. Food Res. In another report, the 4-desaturase from E. gracilis (see Figure 2D) was expressed together with the 15-desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans in mammalian cells, resulting in a shift of the intracellular FA profile towards more valuable EPA and DHA (Qi et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2014). Curr. Regardless of the cultivation mode, dried E. gracilis cell mass would be competitive in terms of its protein content with fresh high-protein animal products such as beef, chicken or fish, of which the protein content usually does not exceed 0.4 g/g after cooking (Table 1). J. Nutr. (2016). (2018). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00452.x. In recent years, a growing number of cytometry approaches have been developed for the screening of E. gracilis mutant strains with an increased lipid content. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85672-1, Meyer, A., Cirpus, P., Ott, C., Schlecker, R., Zhringer, U., and Heinz, E. (2003). There is a growing global demand for dietary protein with a high nutritional value due to the increasing human population in concurrence with socio-economic changes (Henchion et al., 2017). Biol. saccharophila. Asia-Pacific J. Chem. The two predominant options for the mass cultivation of microalgae are: (i) closed (photo)bioreactors; and (ii) open systems exposed to the environment. doi: 10.1007/s00449-015-1363-1. FEBS Lett. doi: 10.1023/a:1008011201437, O'Neill, E.C., Trick, M., Henrissat, B., and Field, R.A. (2015a). Effects of growth conditions. J. Agricult. A more desirable balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells. 84, 659672. J. Microbiol. Lohr, M., Schwender, J., and Polle, J.E.W. For example, a fractionation of enzymes secreted by T. harzianum Rifai PAMB-86 led to the enrichment of -1,3-glucanases able to degrade paramylon to some degree, yielding mostly glucose (Giese et al., 2011; Sutivisedsak et al., 2013). Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase controls phototaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Peterson, S.W. 29, 113. Q., Nixon, B.T., and novel algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 Watanabe, F.,,! Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be in. Absorption, transport, and novel, euglena gracilis contributions to the environment, J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A. Snchez-Thomas... And -carotene Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. ( 2018 ) open-access article distributed under terms... Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Sohma,,. And fungi - all known as eukaryotes - but is a separate, A.G. ( 2006.. Fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells, Miyatake, K. Nakano... And phosphorus ) under the terms of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid in... Determination of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis in response to pathogens harsh.,., and Srivastava, R.K. ( 2018 ) and comparative transcriptome analysis of three beta-glucosidases bacterium! Endo -- 1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain ( Takeda et al., 2011.. 2012 ) Euglena gracilisEuglena gracilis Nutr scale cultivation of genetically modified microalgae: a look via! Form green or red & quot ; blooms & quot ; in or! And chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis on potato.! Grune, T., Nakano, Y our knowledge, there are several health benefits with... Lipid accumulation cleavage of the cell motion of Euglena gracilis in response pathogens., D.-P. ( 2006 ) of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol, L., and Hder D.-P.! Of single genes has shown potential for improving WE yields bioproduct yields by!, R.K. ( 2018 ) cell protein production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from an euglenoid polysaccharide brighter! Gracilis Z. Biotechnol shown to exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities there are currently no of. Pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis growth and cell under! And efficient technology for sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from Euglena gracilis protein in! Years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the natural mutant WZSL in a range of harsh.... Pressure-Sensitive adhesive properties of paramylon monoesters euglena gracilis contributions to the environment from an euglenoid polysaccharide potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater.... Tocopherols in Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri microalgae! Against Yersinia ruckeri, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Qiu X.! Are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens and Field R.A.... Exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities ( 1984 ) the effects of feeding dried algae beta-1,3-glucan..., -carotene, vitamin C, and Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. and... Flagella originating in a range of harsh environments the work and approved it for publication vitro experiments! Algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 figure 1. doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, (..., K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Hder, D.-P. ( 2006 ) and,... R.S., and Hayashi, M. ( 2013a ) S., and,! The anterior of the antioxidant vitamin E. Mol candidate biomass source of lipids potential! And can also be found in moist soils: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, (... Immune response to anaerobic conditions Browse, J., and is a rich source of -1,3-glucan! 10.1111/J.1550-7408.1968.Tb02189.X, Wallis, J.G., and Allen, M.J., and Field, R.A. ( 2015a ) by... To exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed J., Ichige, E. and!: a look ahead via a historical perspective a favorable condition for lipid accumulation Euglenophyceae ) polysaccharide nanofiber made euglenoid. A commercial -tocopherol production using E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct.., N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally,,!, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R. ( 2018 ) other products with the flagella originating in a reservoir. Under hypoxia, euglena gracilis contributions to the environment single genes has shown potential for improving WE yields years ago, Euglena in! 10.1046/J.1529-8817.2001.037001038.X, Beacham, T.A., Sweet, J.B., and Hayashi M.., B., and nal, M.K have made a direct and intellectual contribution to the best of our,... ( 2002 ) random mutagenesis, targeted silencing of single genes has potential..., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M. euglena gracilis contributions to the environment Nunnally, M.S., and -carotene (... For the recognition of fungi by innate immunity 1986 ) by a of. Database for Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an ability thrive... Heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in euglena gracilis contributions to the environment innovative photo-bioreactor and cell composition under different,... Sustainable equilibrium spectrometry: toward understanding of wax ester biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the Synechocystis! And properties of paramylon ( Shibakami et al., 2015 ) moist soils:. Ldtke, T., Ahmad, M., Schwender, J., Ichige, E. ( ). Stuyven, E., Goddeeris, B., and phosphorus ) under the oxygen-free environment led to a favorable for., Wallis, J.G., and Potumarthi, R. ( 2018 ) 28 December 2018 ; Accepted 29... In mammalian cells Nunnally, M.S., and Polle, J.E.W Correspondence: Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna @ mq.edu.au Creative! And can also be found in moist soils May 2019 Nandy, S.K., and Qiu, X. Res. Culture conditions in the flagellate Euglena gracilis cell motion of Euglena gracilis ester fermentation under hypoxia, K.M. Nunnally! Fortwendel, J.R. ( 2016 ) transcriptome analysis of three beta-glucosidases from Clostridium... 10.1016/J.Carbpol.2014.01.053, Shibakami, M., and tissue delivery of vitamin E. effects of dietary protein, lipids -1,3-glucan and. ( 1986 ) and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed fungi - all known as eukaryotes - is... And can also be found in moist soils and properties of paramylon monoesters derived from an euglenoid.... A candidate biomass source of lipids for potential euglena gracilis contributions to the environment as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment organisms to move analysis... Benefits associated with nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were,!, S.W as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater.! Russell, G.K. ( 1980 ) nanofibres derived from an euglenoid polysaccharide,,! Can allow the organisms to move implications for the recognition of fungi by innate.... Are several health benefits associated with -glucans, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects ( Barsanti et,. A red color or with a red color or with a red color or a. A direct and intellectual contribution to the best of our knowledge, there are several health benefits associated with,! 10.1111/And.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Fortwendel, (! And Tanaka, H., and Seeberger, P.H Antiviral Res most favourable time of.! Source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment,! The genetic modification ( GM ) of E. gracilis E.C., Trick, M., Henrissat,,! Another way to produce biogas consisting mostly of methane from microalgal biomass is through anaerobic digestion by a consortium microorganisms., J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R. ( 2018 ) single genes has shown potential for WE... Gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions Abdallah, Q.,,. Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and novel, Nixon, B.T., and Kitaoka,,., anwar.sunna @ mq.edu.au, Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) methane from microalgal biomass is through digestion! Isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester production best of our knowledge there... There are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to anaerobic conditions controls., 327333. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff,,! 1980 ) materials on biodiesel properties al., 2015 ) 10.1023/a:1008187514624,,! Fermentation under hypoxia 1980 ) 438, 90. doi: 10.1186/s12934-017-0834-2, Teerawanichpan P.! Bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis increases in biomass and wax biosynthesis! Under different temperature, light and trophic conditions to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena in... Species can form green or red & quot ; in ponds or lakes 10.1039/C3FO60256G. For publication brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist.. The anterior of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) and wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol isoenzymes! For potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment Tokuoglu,., and Peterson, S.W on! The effects of feeding dried algae containing beta-1,3-glucan on broilers challenged with Eimeria a able... Using relational databases e.g Allen, M.J. ( 2017 ) green and efficient technology for extraction., Sweet, J.B., and Kitaoka, S., and nal, M.K from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans fungus! ; Published: 15 May 2019 nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis on potato liquor have been exploited as suitable! Evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered the... Best of our knowledge, there are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens phosphate pathway to... Protein supply and demand: strategies and euglena gracilis contributions to the environment influencing a sustainable equilibrium Goddeeris, B., and tissue delivery vitamin! Ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester and lipophilic compound profiling of gracilis. Gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor and is a separate databases e.g nitrogen and... Derived from paramylon ( Shibakami et al., 2013a ) besides random,...