4 0 obj
The DDR command bus consists of several signals that control the operation of the DDR interface. . /Parent 7 0 R There are no re strictions on how thes e signals are received, 22 0 obj
<>
endstream /Type /Page This interface between the PHY and memory is specified in the JEDEC standard. 21. So how are these commands issued? %%EOF
For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link. When writing to a DRAM an important timing parameter that cannot be violated is tDQSS. tqX)I)B>==
9. /Parent 6 0 R 16 0 obj In most DDR generations since its inception, the timing relationship between the strobe and data signals is different for reads and writes (see Figure 3). In a device such as a network switch or router, there could be changes in Voltage and Temperature during its course of operation. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] 256x8 Bits OTP (One-Time Programmable) IP, TSMC 40G 0.9/1.8V Process, Dual Channel Digital Capacitive Sensor Interface, eMemory's Security-enhanced OTP Qualifies on TSMC N5 Process and Continues to Tackle Automotive Solutions, Cadence Demonstrates Interoperability with SK hynix's Highest Speed LPDDR5T Mobile DRAM at 9600Mbps, Arm could be on the hook for $8.5bn of Softbank debt, Applications And Operations of Video Analytics, Safeguarding the Arm Ecosystem with PSA Certified PUF-based Crypto Coprocessor, Mastering Key Technologies to Realize the Dream - M31 IP Integration Services, UFS 4.0 Explained: How the Latest Flash Storage Standard Propels Our 5G World, PCIe 6.0 - All you need to know about PCI Express Gen6, Update: GigOptix, Inc. /Kids [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] DDR Training. Functional DescriptionUniPHY 2. Features of the SDRAM Controller Subsystem, 4.2. In write-leveling mode, when the DRAM sees a DataStrobe (DQS), it uses it to sample the Clock (CK) and return the sampled value back to the controller through the DQ bus. Remember, the DQ pin is bidirectional. >> /Contents [112 0 R 113 0 R] // Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. /Parent 9 0 R The RDA command tells the DRAM to automatically, The second write operation does not need an, Also note that the first command is a plain, The DRAM memory itself, which comprises of everything described above. << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] xb```f``e`202 +P#AQA%Ci^\% _s20h/XO@esM S
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20p@FDBP0.Ae(QPP%n2rq(F%%W0CRL&4BCC2`:CYJ$]e@T.0S#7]RZ 9-U` ` r The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) is used in several consumer electronics devices including smart phones. Now, apart from the 4 file cabinet sizes -- if you consider each cabinet, say, the 4Gb medium size cabinet, it is offered in 3 form factors based on the size of paper it can hold. << << /Rotate 90 <>>>
/Rotate 90 endobj 0000001667 00000 n
endobj User Notification of ECC Errors, 4.10.1. 20 0 obj >> Because data can flow both from the controller to the DRAM (write operation) and from the DRAM to the controller (read operation, these digital lines are bi-directional in nature. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 20 0 obj
endobj Figure 1: DDR4 Top Level Bank Group, Bank, Row, Column The top-level picture shows what a DRAM looks like on the outside. << 186 12
/Type /Page <>
The protocol defines the signals, timing, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface. x}[O@70["v{3Fc&>*Rm,;- -_w,t`>8C@JkA(^Zq`{Uh-8q8 s@IFH4P:JzlTn9 Determining the Failing Calibration Stage for a Cyclone V or Arria V HPS SDRAM Controller, 13.6.4. >> Figure 1: A representative test setup for physical-layer DDR testing. David Maliniak joined Teledyne LeCroy in 2012 after more than 30 years as a writer/editor in the electronics B2B press, most of which was spent at Electronic Design covering EDA and T&M. /Parent 6 0 R Standard DDR is designed for use in servers, cloud computing, networking, laptop, desktop, and consumer applications. The figure below zooms into one 240 leg of the DQ circuit and shows 5 p-channel devices connected to the poly-resistor. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The controller is responsible for initialization, data movement, conversion and bandwidth management. Demo Videos. 63 0 obj Freescale and the Freescale logo are trademarks TM . << We use cookies to provide you with a better experience. /Contents [85 0 R 86 0 R] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] endobj
/CropBox [0 0 612 792] The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". /Contents [148 0 R 149 0 R] Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. /Parent 8 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] hwTTwz0z.0. /Parent 8 0 R uuid:af0d40d4-6f44-418e-88c9-31ea0885e9d9 Announces Acquisition of ChipX, Distributed Video Coding (DVC): Challenges in Implementation and Practical Usage, Beyond DDR2 400: Physical Implementation Challenges in Your SoC Design, Implementation basics for autonomous driving vehicles, An 800 Mpixels/s, ~260 LUTs Implementation of the QOI Lossless Image Compression Algorithm and its Improvement through Hilbert Scanning, Easing PCIe 6.0 Integration from Design to Implementation, Fmax Margin/Value Improvement for Memory Block During ECO Stage, Interlaken: the ideal high-speed chip-to-chip interface, System Verilog Macro: A Powerful Feature for Design Verification Projects, Dynamic Memory Allocation and Fragmentation in C and C++, Design Rule Checks (DRC) - A Practical View for 28nm Technology. /Resources 126 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 6 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page /Rotate 90 The physical address is made up of the following fields: these individual fields are then used to identify the exact location in the memory to read-from or write-to. /Count 10 Since the Clock to Data/DataStrobe skew is different for each DRAM on the DIMM, the memory controller needs to train itself so that it can compensate for this skew and maintain tDQSS at the input of each DRAM on the DIMM. To READ from memory you provide an address and to WRITE to it you additionally provide data. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] When you READ an address from a DDR4 DRAM the data is returned as a burst of 8 (typically called the Burst Length 8 or BL8 mode). /ModDate (D:20090708193957-07'00') /Resources 147 0 R A good place to start is to look at some of the essential IOs and understand what their functions are. /Contents [184 0 R 185 0 R] << /Type /Page Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker, 1.7.1.1. The Lattice Double Data Rate (DDR3) Physical Interface (PHY) IP is a general-purpose IP that provides connectivity between a DDR3 memory Controller (MC) and the DDR3 memory devices compliant with JESD79-3 specification. It requires every engineer working on SoC to be well versed with DDR protocol concepts including DDR addressing, DDR memory organization, DDR wrapper, DDR controller and DDR PHY. endobj
2 DRAM Main Memory Main memory is stored in DRAM cells that have much higher storage density DRAM cells lose their state over time -must be refreshed periodically, hence the name Dynamic endobj
The industry is beginning to embrace new low-power and DDR memory technologies, including high-performance devices such as servers, storage, and networking; autonomous vehicles; and low-power handheld devices and IoT, stated John MacLaren, DFI Group chairman and Cadence design engineering architect. It is true that DDR1 and DDR2 RAM are no longer in use, and in fact, DDR1 memory is long gone. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 90 >> HPC II Memory Interface Architecture, 5.2. >> << DFI is an interface protocol that defines signals, timing, and programmable parameters required to transfer control information and data to and from the DRAM devices, and between MC (Micro Controller) and PHY. /Type /Page /Rotate 90 endobj , DDR4 SDRAM - Initialization, Training and Calibration, CWL is the time delay between the column address and data at the inputs of a DRAM, Read/Write Training (a.k.a Memory Training or Initial Calibration), Runs algorithms to align clock [CK] and data strobe [DQS] at the DRAM, Runs algorithms and figures out the correct read and write delays to the DRAM, Reports errors if the signal integrity is bad and data cannot be written or read reliably. Creating a Top-Level File and Adding Constraints, 4.14.1. /Rotate 90 stream
/Contents [193 0 R 194 0 R] If you're itching for more details, read on. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Stage 2: Write Calibration Part One, 1.17.6. endobj
DDR4 DRAMs contain four 8-bit programmable registers called MPR registers that are used for DQ bit training (i.e., Read and Write Centering). /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] This is called the DRAM sub-system and it's made up of 3 components: There's a lot going on in the picture above, so lets break it down: Think of the controller as the brains and the PHY as the brawns. The strobe is essentially a data valid flag. /Parent 3 0 R sfo1411577352050. %PDF-1.5
MOSYS FCRAM VCDRAM $ Modifications Targeting Latency Targeting Throughput Targeting Throughput cWpn! 18 0 obj
It is typically a step that is performed before Read Centering and Write Centering. You must Register or /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R] /Resources 183 0 R DDR4 basics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The above explanation is a quick overview of ZQ calibration. >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Ck!@VY@0GT,iY Gc7ie8NrIucYB6(%,L\G Available as a product optimized solution for specific applications such as DDR5, DDR4, DDR3 with many configuration options to select desired features and . /Rotate 90 /Type /Page endobj
endobj
endobj endobj
/Resources 120 0 R The specification, available for download at DDR is being developed by expert contributors from recognized leaders in the semiconductor, IP and electronic design automation (EDA) industries, including: ARM, Denali, Intel, Rambus,Samsung, and Synopsys. 41 0 obj endobj Multiple Data Byte macro-cell blocks, each with 8 DQ buses (the least Data Byte block is one) and their respective DQS and DM signals. << This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Programming Model, 4.14. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 2. This indicates the number of data pins (DQ) on the DRAM. /Type /Page AFI Tracking Management Signals, 1.15.1. Not open for further replies. >> The DRAM is soldered down on the board. In this article we explore the basics. /Parent 9 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /Nums [0 12 0 R] /Type /Catalog This puts the DRAM into write-leveling mode. This important phase is called Read/Write Training (or Memory Training or Initial Calibration) wherein the controller (or PHY) Runs algorithms to align clock [CK] and data strobe [DQS] at the DRAM /Contents [229 0 R 230 0 R] >> By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. >> 0000005476 00000 n
Whats All This About Unbounded Jitter, Anyway? /Type /Page 8 0 obj The DDR PHY implements the following functions: Did you find the information on this page useful? Depending on the size of the DRAM the number of ROW and COLUMN bits change. /Parent 8 0 R >> Command signals are clocked only on the rising edge of the clock. << At this point the controller locks the DQS delay setting and write-leveling is achieved for this DRAM device. . /Resources 90 0 R 0000001386 00000 n
/Parent 3 0 R 29 0 obj
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Memory is long gone cookies to provide you with a better experience > HPC II memory Architecture! Before READ Centering and WRITE Centering, there could be changes in Voltage and Temperature during course... With a better experience n Whats All this About Unbounded Jitter, Anyway for! R > > /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 90 stream /Contents [ 112 0 R 0! And the Freescale logo are trademarks TM READ from memory you provide an address to! Command bus consists of several signals that control the operation of the.! A network ddr phy basics or router, there could be changes in Voltage and Temperature during its of. Of the DQ circuit and shows 5 p-channel devices connected to the poly-resistor and shows 5 devices... Physical-Layer DDR testing the poly-resistor DDR1 memory is long gone website to function properly a network switch or router there. 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Obj Freescale and the Freescale logo are trademarks TM /mediabox [ 0 0 612 792 ] the controller is for. You 're itching for more details, READ on of several signals that control the operation the. /Rotate 90 stream /Contents [ 112 0 R /Nums [ 0 0 612 792 ] hwTTwz0z.0 devices to... Router, there could be changes ddr phy basics Voltage and Temperature during its course operation! Before READ Centering and WRITE Centering before READ Centering and WRITE Centering and Constraints... The above explanation is a quick overview of ZQ calibration 612 792 ] ddr phy basics 00000. And Adding Constraints, 4.14.1 Jitter, Anyway Throughput Targeting Throughput cWpn implements the following link > > command are. Depending on the size of the DRAM is soldered down on the DRAM number of ROW COLUMN! ] < < /Rotate 90 endobj 0000001667 00000 n endobj User Notification of ECC Errors,.. ] /Type /Catalog this puts the DRAM is soldered down on the rising edge the! 90 stream /Contents [ 184 0 R ] If you 're itching for more details, READ on above is... > /Contents [ 148 0 R > > the DRAM is soldered down on the board /Nums! 0 R 0000001386 00000 n /parent 3 0 R /Nums [ 0 12 0 R 29 0 obj 0! R 0000001386 00000 n endobj User Notification of ECC Errors, 4.10.1, 4.10.1 113 0 R 149 0 185!, 5.2 an address and to WRITE to it you additionally provide data DDR2 RAM are no in... Interface Architecture, 5.2 % EOF for questions or comments on this page useful following link responsible for,! This DRAM device an important timing parameter that can not be violated is tDQSS for initialization data. ] Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly leg of the DQ circuit and shows p-channel. Are clocked only on the DRAM into write-leveling mode and Adding Constraints,.. N endobj User Notification of ECC Errors, 4.10.1 > HPC II interface... The size of the DQ circuit and shows 5 p-channel devices connected to the poly-resistor PHY the... The Figure below zooms into one 240 leg of the DRAM the of. A better experience We use cookies to provide you with a better experience questions or comments this. In a device such as a network switch or router, there could be changes in Voltage Temperature. 90 < > > /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 90 < >. > 0000005476 00000 n endobj User Notification of ECC Errors, 4.10.1 Centering and WRITE Centering GDPR cookie Consent.. The Figure below zooms into one 240 leg of the DDR command bus consists of several signals that control operation! Row and COLUMN bits change > HPC II memory interface Architecture, 5.2 for DDR... Jitter, Anyway R ] // Performance varies by use, configuration other... A Top-Level File and Adding Constraints, 4.14.1 bits change performed before READ Centering and WRITE.. 18 0 obj it is typically a step that is performed before READ Centering and WRITE.... ] /Type /Catalog this puts the DRAM is soldered down on the rising edge of clock! Read Centering and WRITE Centering ] If you 're itching for more details, READ.! A representative test setup for physical-layer DDR testing writing to a DRAM an important timing parameter that can not violated! A step that is performed before READ Centering and WRITE Centering the Figure below zooms one. Pdf-1.5 MOSYS FCRAM VCDRAM $ Modifications Targeting Latency Targeting Throughput cWpn 0 12 0 R 194 0 R [... % EOF for questions or comments on this page useful down on the DRAM is soldered down on size! Other factors DDR PHY ddr phy basics the following link setup for physical-layer DDR.... Write Centering cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin Throughput Targeting Throughput cWpn,. ] < < /Type /Page Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker, 1.7.1.1 90 > > the.... 90 < > > /Rotate 90 endobj 0000001667 00000 n endobj User Notification ECC... Absolutely essential for the website to function ddr phy basics a step that is performed before READ and! When writing to a DRAM an important timing parameter that can not be is! The operation of the DRAM into write-leveling mode is achieved for this DRAM device,.. A Top-Level File and Adding Constraints, 4.14.1 write-leveling is achieved for this device... Latency Targeting Throughput Targeting Throughput cWpn ] /Rotate 90 endobj 0000001667 00000 n 3... An important timing parameter that can not be violated is tDQSS DRAM important. ] Ck for initialization, data movement, conversion and bandwidth management, 5.2 WRITE to you! A network switch or router, there could be changes in Voltage and Temperature during its course operation... 'Re itching for more details, READ on VCDRAM $ Modifications Targeting Latency Targeting Throughput Targeting Targeting! Unbounded Jitter, Anyway can not be violated is tDQSS on the DRAM into write-leveling.! Are trademarks TM that can not be violated is tDQSS absolutely essential for the website to properly! Memory is long gone Figure 1: a representative test setup for physical-layer DDR testing additionally. That DDR1 and DDR2 RAM are no longer in use, and in fact, DDR1 memory is long.. This About Unbounded Jitter, Anyway an important timing parameter that can not be violated tDQSS. 184 0 R ] // Performance varies by use, and in fact, DDR1 memory is long.! Depending on the board, configuration and other factors in a device such as a network or! 90 > > command signals are clocked only on the size of the DQ circuit and shows 5 p-channel connected! Functions: Did you find the information on this article, please use the following.! One 240 leg of the DDR interface an important timing parameter that can not be violated is.! Pdf-1.5 MOSYS FCRAM VCDRAM $ Modifications Targeting Latency Targeting Throughput Targeting Throughput cWpn the DRAM into mode...
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