The Yorubaland now consists of different tribes from different states which are located in the Southwestern part of the country, states like Lagos State, Oyo State, Ondo State, Osun State, Ekiti State and Ogun State, among others. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. [89], In 1982 the ruling National Party of Nigeria, a conservative alliance led by Shegu Shagari, had hoped to retain power through patronage and control over the Federal Election Commission. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. It has one of the largest river systems in the world, including the Niger Delta, the third largest delta on Earth. Prehistoric inhabitants adjusting to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the third millennium BC, when the desiccation of the Sahara began. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. The country's landscape features plains in the north and south. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. Lugard. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. The party leadership under Awolowo disagreed and replaced Akintola as premier of the West with one of their own supporters. A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture."[33]. The mouth of this head is slightly open. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. 2014. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. On 29 May 1967, Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu, the military governor of the eastern region who emerged as the leader of increasing Igbo secessionist sentiment, declared the independence of the eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. Biram was the original seat of government, while Zaria supplied labor and was known as the "Chief of Slaves." [3] Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the 11th century,[4][5][6][7] while Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. It arose at the University of Ibadan in the 1950s and remained dominant until the 1970s. [56] At least one historian puts fikunim's reign much later, around 1225.[57]. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. They discovered that Nigerians have to be civilized so as to be good customers. Much use was made of oral history and throughout the school took a strongly interdisciplinary approach to gather information. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Origin of NAN A new development in the history of the mass media in Nigeria took place in 1976 with the establishment of an independent wire service-the NAN by the Federal Government. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. [75] The federal government Prime Minister, Balewa agreed with the Akintola faction and sought to have the AG join the government. [66] Igbo people formed the majority of enslaved Africans which were sold as slaves from Calabar, despite forming a minority among the ethnic groups in the region. Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. On 29 May 2015, Buhari was sworn in as President of Nigeria, becoming the first opposition figure to win a presidential election since independence in 1960. The early independent kingdoms and states that make up present-day state of Nigeria are (in alphabetical order): Benin Kingdom, Borgu Kingdom, Fulani Empire, Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem Bornu Empire, Kwararafa Kingdom, Ibibio Kingdom, Nri Kingdom, Nupe Kingdom, Oyo Empire, Songhai Empire, Warri Kingdom, Ile Ife Kingdom, and Yagba East Kingdom. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. [82] Decree No. [84] The name Federal Republic of Nigeria was restored on 31 August 1966. Aro and Abiriba cooperated to become a powerful economic force.[64]. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP); other parties were not allowed to register. 34 which sought to unify the nation. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. In October 1963, Nigeria proclaimed itself the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first President. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nigeria&oldid=1149132929, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Royal Naval Biography (1823), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the RNB (1823) with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Odeyemi, Jacob Oluwole. The Ife model of government was adapted at Oyo, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several smaller city-states. [35], The mai employed his mounted bodyguard and an inchoate army of nobles to extend Kanem's authority into Borno. In Kaduna in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting over the introduction of criminal Shar'ia in the State. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. Yar'Adua's sickness and Jonathan's successions. In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. The central region has hills and plateaus. The origin of the Nigerian Armed Forces lies in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force, that became Nigerian, when independence was granted in 1960.In 1956, the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, and in April 1958, the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office . Yar'Adua's Hausa-Fulani background gave him a political base in the northern regions of Nigeria, while Goodluck does not have the same ethnic and religious affiliations. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The Igala played significant roles in the formation of Nigeria having been made host to the capital of Nigeria at Lokoja in the past, with Lugard as the Governor. Updates? Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. The Lagos invasion by the British annexing Lagos into a colony; Lagos was a seat of power serving as both political and economic capital. The country has abundant natural resources, notably large deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. Hydromorphic and organic soils, confined largely to areas underlain by sedimentary rocks along the coast and river floodplains, are the youngest soil types. The Onitsha Kingdom, which was originally inhabited by Igbos from east of the Niger, was founded in the 16th century by migrants from Anioma (Western Igboland). The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Akintunde Akinleye/Reuters. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. The Niger River, for which the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. Britannica Quiz Geography Fun Facts Relief The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. However, the republic was short-lived, as the military seized power again in 1983 and later ruled for ten years. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. However, the subsequent massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands of them to return to the south-east where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. Although Abacha was initially welcomed by many Nigerians, disenchantment grew rapidly. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. . His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his vice president and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. The FMG is neither very efficient nor dynamic, but the recent announcement that it intends to retain power for six more years has generated little opposition so far. General Muhammadu Buhari took over the helm of affairs in May 2015 after a peaceful transfer of power from the Jonathan led administration. History of Nigeria Early Nigerian cultures The Nok culture Evidence of human occupation in Nigeria dates back thousands of years. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. [99] Particularly notable disasters in this area have been: 1) October 1998, Jesse, 1100 deaths, 2) July 2000, Jesse, 250 deaths, 3) September 2004, near Lagos, 60 deaths, 4) May 2006, Ilado, approx. [51] Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umueri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. When? "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). As of January 2010, he was still abroad. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[76] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. [79] The dominant northern NPC went into a conservative alliance with the new Yoruba NNDP, leaving the Igbo NCNC to coalesce with the remnants of the AG in a progressive alliance. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. The Benin Empire (14401897; called Bini by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. [47], The Yoruba pay tribute to a pantheon composed of a Supreme Deity, Olorun and the Orisha. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. Abacha enforced authority through the federal security system which is accused of numerous human rights abuses, including infringements on freedom of speech, assembly, association, travel, and violence against women. This meant that, while certain Igbo may have lived under different formal administrations, all followers of the Igbo religion had to abide by the rules of the faith and obey its representative on earth, the Eze Nri. By these same routes, Islam made its way south into West Africa after the 9th century. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. At stake now are the most fundamental questions which can be raised about a country, beginning with whether it will survive as a single viable entity. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. Despite Borno's hegemony the Hausa states continued to wrestle for ascendancy. Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. The middle two-thirds of the country, the savanna regions, contain reddish, laterite soils; they are somewhat less fertile than those of the north because they are not subject to as much seasonal drying, nor do they receive the greater rainfall that occurs in the more southerly regions. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition; and in the following year, the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. [16], The Hausa Kingdoms were first mentioned by Ya'qubi in the 9th century and they were by the 15th-century vibrant trading centers competing with KanemBornu and the Mali Empire. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. The former military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo, freed from prison by Abubakar, ran as a civilian candidate and won the presidential election. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. [23] It is the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the second oldest known worldwide. "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. Breunig, Peter. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. The federal military government that assumed power under General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was unable to quiet ethnic tensions on the issue or other issues. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Throughout the 16th-century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. They crossed the river to Urupkam (Usukpam) west of the Cross River and founded two settlements: Ena Uda and Ena Ofia in present-day Erai. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. In 1808 the Hausa Nation was finally conquered by Usman dan Fodio and incorporated into the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate.[45]. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. During his first days in office, President Babangida moved to restore freedom of the press and to release political detainees being held without charge. The states included only kingdoms inhabited by Hausa-speakers: Since the beginning of Hausa history, the seven states of Hausaland divided up production and labor activities in accordance with their location and natural resources. The neighbouring Republic of Niger takes its name from the same river. The Young Majors went into hiding. Loose sandy soils consisting of wind-borne deposits and riverine sands are found in the northern regions, although, in areas where there is a marked dry season, a dense surface layer of laterite develops, making these soils difficult to cultivate. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Gradually they moved eastward, first into the centers of the Mali and Songhai empires and eventually into Hausaland and Borno. Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. [46] Urbanisation was accompanied by high levels of artistic achievement, particularly in terracotta and ivory sculpture and in the sophisticated metal casting produced at Ife. However, the spike in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel, following the Yom Kippur War in 1973 brought a sudden rush of money to Nigeria. Was later extended until January 1993 a new constitution was written in 1979 rival in. Was still abroad, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several city-states... Groups, the third largest Delta on Earth original seat of government, while Zaria labor... 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