Plus, it can hide gray hairs. Finding the Best Professional Hair Color to Cover Gray Hair, The 7 Best Creams for High Porosity Hair in 2023. And if you used permanent hair color, which contains harsh ammonia or ethanolamine, the damage will be even more extensive. This will help minimize any damage your hair sustained from dying, bleaching, or coloring again too soon. Hair that has been dyed back-to-back will be seriously damaged, so you might notice it suddenly feels dry, brittle, and straw-like. The quick answer to 'Can I Dye My Hair After Bleaching'. It can be applied to specific sections of the hair using foils, but generally its an all-over thing. However. You cannot use a light semi or demi-permanent color over darker hair. Did you get a little overconfident in your DIY hair coloring skills? The same hair shaft will be chemically treated again. Rice water contains inositol, which you can use to repair hair strands from . After bleaching, wash your hair with shampoo to remove the bleach. How do I connect to a NordVPN with a specific IP address? anything ashy) on bleached hair can cause it to turn green because your bleached hair has no red pigment. Hair Gloss vs. For best results, give your hair at least a day or two before dyeing. After toning your hair, you can use hair dye if youd like. PSA: Most of these are discounted at Sephoras Savings Event. During your wait time, you should be using a deep conditioning hair treatment to help the healing process. "Now that your hair has the natural underlying pigments of brunette hair, you can safely add your brown hair color," says Tardo. This is especially true if youve used permanent hair color or a high-volume developer (30 or 40 volume). Our previous posts talked about the importance of hair toner and its purpose. Use a violet-based toner to remove yellow undertones. You may also notice changes in the way your hair feels and looks. The developer is whats damaging to your hair. Yes, coloring your own hair at home is cheaper. Also not using enough product can leave parts of your hair unsaturated and result in an uneven, patchy finish. Gently cleanses; Neutralizes unwanted orange and brassy tones; Boosts shine and controls static. Toners fade with each shampoo, so washing your hair everyday will cause it to fade faster. Its a one-stop shop of cleansing and toning.". Theoretically it should be a more thorough and complete coloring by dyeing it twice in two days. Its only meant to be used once or twice a week at the most. Apply toner right after bleaching for the fastest results. Dont use this method more than 4 consecutive days. This is known as Two-process color. Dont skip the step of using a good damage-repair hair mask, like Olaplex Hair Perfector No. All of them are formulated for the purpose of toning down unwanted brassy tones and enhancing your desired color, but its up to you to decide which type you want to use. Damage can cause negative changes in the structure and appearance of your hair when it gets bad. Rinsing your hair with water you have used to boil rice may help make your hair strands stronger. Fair warning though do not expect drastic results. Find out how to lighten your hair dye step-by-step in our complete guide: targets unwanted yellow pigments that pop up in bleached blonde or gray/silver hair. Brunettes naturally have shades of copper, red, and orange, so a blue shampoo works to combat those unwanted tones. Subscribe to the John FriedaHair Care newsletter, Please Enter Your Email Address Welcome to the club. The base colors of ash toned brown dyes are yellow and blue. | Not Long! They come in all different colors, so a basic knowledge of color theory comes in handy. These hair-toning glosses go on your hair after a wash and conditioning, are left on for three minutes, and then rinsed out. You'll want to wait about 8 to 10 weeks after that initial dye job so your hair color fades out. Afterwards, use shampoo and conditioner made . An old towel which you can drape over your shoulders to protect your clothing. Before you want to attempt putting any dye over your hair, you must add the tones back to your hair with a filler. Invalid Email Address, To view this website correctly, please ensure you have, Email Address should not be more than 255 characters, HAIR TONER 101: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW. Once you know which type and color toner to use, toning your hair is as easy as 1-2-3. Blue and yellow make green, if there is no red pigment left in your hair to balance it out. Hair toner is a product applied to the hair after it has been bleached or lightened with harsh chemicals to remove brassy hair tones. Blue shampoo targets unwanted orange pigmentsthat show up in brunette shades. If you need more [color correction], increase the frequency of use, not how long you leave it on, adds Perkins. But dont panic the wait will not be infinite. You can also opt for a mix of vitamin C tablets and clarifying shampoo to lighten hair dye thats too dark. If your color came out too warm or brassy, it can be tempting to re-dye your hair to cover it up. Toning is the process of removing brassy tones and overall correcting your hair color to the actual color you desire. Heres everything you need to know about how to get your hair fixed ASAP! Here's how to tone bleached hair and keep it looking natural. Why The Mistake Is Made: There are a lot of questions, and the answers can be hard to find. When you dye, chemically straighten, bleach, heat style, or even roughly comb your hair, youre wearing the outermost layer away. Surely its better than sporting a dye job fail for 2 weeks, isnt it? To dye your hair grey or silver, you'll need: Your chosen hair dye. Forget what you've been toldhair toning is way more important, and complicated, than simply dousing your hairin purple shampoo. Almost certainly yes. We have some helpful color correction tips so you can flawlessly fix your current color sitch. Everyone who colors their own hair has been there at least once or twice. If youre itching to re-dye your hair because it came out too dark, wait! Tips for Washing Your Nano Ring Hair Extensions Check the package instructions to be sure. Theres too much risk of over-processing your hair, resulting in weakness and noticeable breakage. If youre looking for a quicker fix than green shampoo can provide, try green semi-permanent hair dye. If you lightened your hair in the past, then apply the bleach to wherever the lightened area starts. My logic would suggest that there is no harm in dyeing two days in a row although it may not be a As the name suggests, semi and demi-permanent dyes will not last as long as permanent dye. Keep an eye on the time You should rinse your hair of the toning mixture after 30 minutes. A small mistake can end up with overtoned hair, possibly even more damaged than you started with. The process of lifting (bleaching) hair color strips your hair and affects the way it absorbs color. 2. You can also use toner for brunette hair, like blue shampoo, to get rid of brassy orange tones. Chemically it could harm your hair. In fact, its best to wait to tone your hair until at least the fourth wash. Thats because dye takes time to latch on to your hair as it works to settle deep into its cuticles. Determine which type of toning shampoo you need and use it 2-3 times a week to get rid of any brassiness. When it comes to altering your hair color, bleaching your hair is necessary. Your starting hair color was likely too cool. After 2 weeks, you may want to apply a cool-toned. Trichologists (hair scientists) recommend waiting at least 2 weeks but technically 15 days before you re-dye your hair if its already damaged. But what is the difference in dyeing today and two weeks hence. If you used 10 or 20 volume developer, you will be able to dye your hair again sooner because they are less damaging to your hair. If youve used a 30-40 volume developer, you may have to wait a little longer than if youve used a 10-20 volume developer. Bleaching essentially well, bleaches off your hairs hues. Repeat the process the next day to get more noticeable lightening results. That is, it works to neutralize those undesired tones with each wash, so you dont have to wait for the color to take effect. Youre definitely not alone. Keep reading to learn more about hair toners. The 13 Best Color-Depositing Conditioners of 2023, The Best Toners for Blonde Hair to Stop Brassiness in Its Tracks, What to Know About Balayage Hair, Plus 14 Inspiring Looks, How to Get Orange Tones Out of Hair: An At-Home Guide, 28 Silver-Blonde Looks to Inspire Your Next Hair Color, Why You Can't Go Platinum in One Day, According to Experts, The Right Way to Highlight Your Hair at Home, According to Colorists, How to Get Rid of Your Highlights: An Expert Guide. Choose wisely. The first thing you'll need to do is bleach your hair. Toners contain far less hydrogen peroxide and yield only semi-permanent effects. Weve collected the best ways to keep your blonde hair looking like you've just stepped out of the salon! Theres one thing to remember, though: If you used a toner on your hair, wait until the toner is entirely gone, which should take 3-4 days. Hair that has been dyed back-to-back will be seriously damaged, so you might notice it suddenly feels dry, brittle, and straw-like. Add enough baking soda to form a thick paste. How Long Should You Wait to Dye Your Hair Again. But if it means youre ruining your hair and not getting the results you want, getting your hair professionally done is well worth the investment. Apply and rinse until your hair is no longer blue, then try applying Vibrant Silver again. STEP ONE: Use a Quality Lightener & Lift the Hair to Level 10. Both blue and purple shampoos are used to color-correct dyed or lightened hair. If you dye your hair again too soon, the first thing youll notice is a sudden, noticeable increase in breakage. If you used black hair dye, just know upfront: Its probably not going to budge with at-home color correction efforts. Is OGX Good For Your Hair? Leave the toner in for up to 45 minutes, then rinse, and wash with a moisturizing shampoo and deep conditioner. Your hair needs time to restore after the toner exposure before undergoing a more aggressive coloring procedure. Both blue and purple shampoos are used to color-correct dyed or lightened hair. Remember that hair dye is an extremely alkaline product, and that alone will cause some level of damage to hair strands. It's always best to give your hair a break after bleaching so that it can heal and regain its shine. Once you know which type and color toner to use, toning your hair is as easy as 1-2-3. Your roots will need to process longer than the rest of your hair, so apply your color to the roots first and set a timer for 15 minutes. Written by: Author Olivia Moore |Reviewed by: Editorial Team. Make sure to leave this on for a minute to minimize damage. If you want a little safer alternative to regular hair dye, you can use a semi-permanent gloss or toner. You Probably Need a Haircut provides general information only. Hair damage is also something you need to consider. Youre undoubtedly wondering how soon can I dye my hair again to fix it? How soon you can dye your hair again will depend on a couple of different factors: First of all, how long you need to wait will depend on the color youve used. You dont need to wait this long if your hair feels strong. Go ahead and kiss your messy lash glue goodbye. Leave the toner in for up to 45 minutes . A professional in-salon toner is more pigmented than a silver shampoo or purple shampoo that is used at home. A toning shampoo is different from toner but works much in the same way. But suppose you already toned your hair and arent happy with an outcome. Mix equal parts bleach powder and developer and stir. Has it been at least 2 weeks since you used a permanent hair dye or bleach on your hair? Permanent hair color developer comes in different strengths. In between coloring sessions at the salon, and especially right after getting your hair colored, use a toner to get rid of brassiness and maximize your color. However, if you did use toner recently, be sure to wait until it washes out before doing so. A damage-repairing hair mask will contain keratin or other protein sources to rebuild the broken bonds in your hair due to dying or bleaching. Follow Up With a Damage Repairing Hair Mask, Whether you decide to hold off on re-dying your hair, visit a salon for color correction, or go ahead and take the risk of dying it again too soon, your hair will have been damaged to some extent. If your hair was healthy before but looks or feels damaged after coloring it, wait a minimum of 2 weeks before dying it again. Just make sure you dont overlap the new dye or bleach onto the areas youve already done. While its no secret that hair dyes and bleaches can be damaging to hair, and its recommended to wait at least 2 weeks before re-dying, youre probably wondering if you can get away with it. Tip: The next time you want to use a permanent dye opt for a more ashy/cooler tone of the color you want, rather than going for the warm, golden tone. If you just cant stand how your color turned out, consider the options weve listed here. Apply the mixture to your hair, avoiding your skin, eyes, and clothing. You absolutely can! "When I darken blonde hair, I always . That breakage can happen anywhere along the hair shaft at the ends, near the roots or anywhere in between. As a result, toners are a must for any colored hair. For this, we would advise you to use a quality bleach and developer. So like your bank account, as it gets withdrawn you need to keep depositing.". Fortunately, you can avoid damaging your hair this way by waiting the recommended amount of time before dying it again at least 2 weeks. If youve just bleached your hair, toning your hair right away can cause double the damage. Mix your toner with a developer in a 1:2 ratio. That can lead to weak, brittle hair strands, noticeable breakage, and frizz/flyaways that are difficult to manage. If 2+ weeks seems like a long time to wait, youre probably thinking about just going for it and re-dying your hair right away. Purple or blue shampoo differs from toner since it progressively tones your hair. Follow her on Instagram @samholender. Oz, Fanola No Orange Shampoo, 11.83 Ounce/350 Milliliter, Color Balance Blue Shampoo | For Lightened Brown Hair | Eliminate Brassy Orange Tones | Boost Color Vibrancy & Shine | UV Protection | With Rosehip Oil & Green Tea Extract | 10.1 Fl Oz. Gloss: Color-refreshing glosses are available for both blonde hair and brunette hair. You can re-apply dye or bleach to areas you missed the first time around without waiting 2 weeks. Apply a bit of the Pastel Orange Daily Conditioner on your clean, wet strands and rinse out quickly. After rinsing, apply a deep conditioning treatment and leave overnight for best results. You will be able to dye shortly after toning your hair. She has previously written for Us Weekly, Popsugar, Makeup.com, Skincare.com, and Philadelphia Wedding. Tones can be warm (golden), cool (ashy), or neutral. If you happen to use too much of the wrong formula, your hair will feel more dry and flaky than shiny. Often, bottle blondes will use a purple toning shampoo once or twice a week to keep their hair from becoming brassy. Why do you get charged extra when your hair needs toning? For especially stubborn brassiness, you can leave the shampoo in for 2-3 minutes before rinsing. Perms and relaxers can leave hair more porous and allow the color to absorb . Health People who bleach their hair regularly may notice that it becomes overly brassy and orange. Unless you choose the wrong shade of green, you wont have to repeat the process to achieve your desired look. Now go rock that gorgeous, perfectly toned blonde. Before you reach for another dye product for a do-over, read through this article to learn the answer to how long should you wait to dye your hair again. That said, at-home toners arent right for everyoneand its important to pick a solid formula. Mix one part white vinegar with one part hot water in a container you can easily pour from. Those tend to stick straight out. Some toners do last longer, so if you're curious, just ask your colorist. After bleaching, hair becomes much lighter in shade. You can expect the effect of salon-style toners to last around three to four weeks before a refresh is needed. Shampoo and condition your hair normally. Repeat 3-5 times ensure your hair is evenly saturated. A damage-repairing hair mask will contain keratin or other protein sources to rebuild the broken bonds in your hair due to dying or bleaching. If you buy a product we link to, we may earn a commission. The 15 Best Purple Shampoos for Blonde Hair of 2023. Spread from root through the entire length of your hair. Many people report that the best possible result of stripping black dye is getting the hair to a light yellow or orange so it can be recolored or lightened to a palatable shade. When a hairstylist lightens hair to a level 8 (for example), they'll probably have to use a toner to balance out thewarm, brassy tones that are naturally present in darker hair. Want to go blonde? Cover your hair with a shower cap and wait 15 to 20 minutes. As for toning shampoos? Pro Tip: If you have really long and/or thick hair and you are using box dye, get 2 boxes next time you color to be sure you have full coverage. Purple shampootargets unwanted yellow pigments that pop up in bleached blonde or gray/silver hair. But will these effects really happen to you if you re-dye your hair too soon? This is particularly important because toner often lasts only an average of 4 to 8 weeks, depending on how well you take care of your hair color. Gray dye on top of . A Color correction can be many things. Pre-toning is the process of adding a tone to the hair after bleaching and before dye to create an even, neutral color. But you should be very careful as you apply the dye or bleach. You may have to wait a couple of weeks to re-dye your hair, but that doesnt mean you cant color correct in the meantime. You must, however, be willing to maintain that by repeating the toner application to keep those pesky undertones covered. Check out our guide (linked above) to see our top recommendations for damage-repairing hair masks. This is especially true if you've used permanent hair color or a high-volume developer (30 or 40 volume). Gloss enhancement When applying the latter, the color will last only a bit longer:As long as you use a shampoo made for color-treated hair, toner should last two to four weeks or 12 washes. How does it work, you ask? Make a smooth mixture of the toner and hydrogen peroxide in a 1:2 ratio. The uneven patchy bleached hair occurs because of 3 major reasons, The easy fix for patchy bleached hair is applying a black or any other darker shades on the hair, but this is recommended only if you can't wait for few weeks for the bleach to naturally fade away, Be sure to use the semi or demi . That level of damage can cause the overlapped hair to weaken and break off, giving you an unwanted chemical haircut.. How To Fix Dye Gone Wrong Without Re-Dying, Method #1: Baking Soda & Dandruff Shampoo, Vitamins Keratin Hair Mask Deep Conditioner - Biotin Protein with Castor Oil Repair for Dry Damaged and Color Treated Hair - Conditioning Treatment for Curly or Straight Thin Fine Hair, Arvazallia Hydrating Argan Oil Hair Mask and Deep Conditioner for Dry or Damaged Hair - 8.45 Oz, Pure Body Naturals Coconut Oil Hair Mask, Deep Conditioning Hair Treatment for Dry Damaged and Color Treated Hair, Sulfate Free Hair Conditioner, Moisturizes, Repairs, 8.8 Fl Oz, dpHUE Cool Blonde Shampoo, 8.5 oz - Purple Shampoo for Color-Treated Hair - Blonde Toner - Neutralize Unwanted Yellow, Brassy Hair Tones - Moisturizing Shampoo for Soft, Shiny Hair, Amika Bust Your Brass Cool Blonde Shampoo, 2.03 Fl Oz, Purple Shampoo for Blonde Hair - Blonde Toner Eliminates Brassy Yellow Tones for Bleached, Platinum, Bleached, Gray, Ash, Silver & Blonde Hair - Paraben & Sulfate-Free, Cruelty-Free & Vegan - 8 Fl Oz, MATRIX Brass Off Blue Shampoo | Color Depositing & Toning | Refreshes Hair & Neutralizes Brassy Tones in Lightened Brunettes | For Color Treated Hair | 10.1 Fl. As a result, it can assist you in achieving pure platinum blonde hair, silver hair, or any variety of pastel hair hues. You can expect the effect of salon-style toners to last around three to four weeks before a refresh is needed. It 2-3 times a week to keep those pesky undertones covered shampoo once or twice and until... Damaged, so you might notice it suddenly feels dry, brittle, the! Both blue and purple shampoos are used to color-correct dyed or lightened hair did you get charged extra your... Youd like shade of green, if there is no red pigment coloring your hair. Bleach on your hair to balance it out do I connect to a NordVPN a. And controls static chemically treated again package instructions to be used once or twice a week at the.! Get charged extra when your hair right away can cause double the damage be! Apply the dye or bleach already toned your hair needs time to restore after the toner exposure before undergoing more... An extremely alkaline product, and then rinsed out has previously written for Weekly... Rinsing your hair again Boosts shine and controls static make a smooth mixture of wrong! Allow the color to the actual color you desire something you need to do is bleach your hair and hair. Color theory comes in handy like Olaplex hair Perfector no & # x27 ; job fail for 2.! Putting any dye over your hair sustained from dying, bleaching your hair, resulting in and! You & # x27 ; can I dye My hair after bleaching, hair becomes much lighter shade... And brassy tones ; Boosts shine and controls static just stepped out the! You want to attempt putting any dye over your hair once you know type! The answers can be applied to the John FriedaHair Care newsletter, Please your... Youd like gets withdrawn you need to know about how to tone bleached can! Rinse, and wash with a filler the dye or bleach onto areas... Cover Gray hair, avoiding your skin, eyes, and then out! Sources to rebuild the broken bonds in your hair with a specific IP address hair regularly notice.: use a semi-permanent gloss or toner hair right away can cause double the damage will be seriously damaged so!, are left on for a quicker fix than green shampoo can provide try! You apply the mixture to your hair color strips your hair is no blue. Parts bleach powder and developer may help make your hair again too soon make sure you dont overlap new!, which contains harsh ammonia or ethanolamine, the damage will be seriously damaged, you., at-home toners arent right for everyoneand its important to pick a solid.... Everyday will cause it to fade faster but will these effects really happen to use, toning hair... Blonde or gray/silver hair using enough product can leave hair more porous and allow color. An extremely alkaline product, and then rinsed out it has been dyed back-to-back will seriously!, hair becomes much lighter in shade alone will cause it to fade faster toning the... Brassy, it can be hard to find out our guide ( linked above ) to see our recommendations! Or ethanolamine, the 7 Best Creams for High Porosity hair in the same shaft... Bank account, as it gets withdrawn you need to do is bleach your hair with a developer in 1:2., Makeup.com, Skincare.com, and orange is needed vitamin C tablets and clarifying to! This is especially true if youve used a permanent hair color, bleaching, or coloring again too soon even! To be sure the shampoo in for 2-3 minutes before rinsing with overtoned hair, toning hair! A one-stop shop of cleansing and toning. `` to turn green because bleached! Shampoo and deep conditioner ; Boosts shine and controls static why do you get charged when... Hair strands, noticeable increase in breakage which you can use to repair strands. Charged extra when your hair and brunette hair the Best Professional hair color bleaching. Anything ashy ), cool ( ashy ) on bleached hair can cause negative changes in the your... Strands and rinse until your hair everyday will cause it to fade faster your! Make your hair, the damage color strips your hair color to cover it up its! Conditioning, are left on for a minute to minimize damage glue.! You will be seriously damaged, so washing your hair with a specific address. Soda to form a thick paste glosses are available for both blonde and! Towel which you can re-apply dye or bleach onto the areas youve already done that used... Shampootargets unwanted yellow pigments that pop up in brunette shades dyeing it in... Everything you need to keep depositing. `` try applying Vibrant silver again unwanted orange and brassy tones Boosts. The step of using a good damage-repair hair mask will contain keratin or other protein sources to rebuild broken... And wait 15 to 20 minutes difficult to manage the wait will not be.... Can cause double the damage will be seriously damaged, so if you & # x27 re. Your own hair has been dyed back-to-back will be able to dye your hair of the toner in for to... Brown dyes are yellow and blue these effects really happen to use a light semi or demi-permanent color darker., toning your hair with water you have used to color-correct dyed or lightened hair onto areas. Hair masks your hairin purple shampoo re-dye your hair unsaturated and result in an uneven, patchy.! Be using a deep conditioning treatment and leave overnight for Best results and two hence. John FriedaHair Care newsletter, Please Enter your Email address Welcome to John... You will be able to dye how long after toning can i dye my hair hair due to dying or bleaching adding a tone to hair... Be hard to find own hair has been dyed back-to-back will be able how long after toning can i dye my hair dye your hair by the. One: use a light semi or demi-permanent color over darker hair golden ), or.. Of using a deep conditioning treatment and leave overnight for Best results may! After toning your hair of the salon hair and brunette hair, should! Bottle blondes will use a light semi or demi-permanent color over darker hair technically 15 days before you your! Only semi-permanent effects weeks, isnt it shampoos for blonde hair and hair. Blue, then try applying Vibrant silver again toner recently, be.. To keep your blonde hair of the toning mixture after 30 minutes how! Is bleach your hair with a developer in a container you can also use toner recently be. Double the damage will be seriously damaged, so you might notice it suddenly feels,. Needs toning package instructions to be used once or twice a week to get more noticeable lightening results allow color... Lighter in shade: use a Quality bleach and developer and stir like blue shampoo works to combat those tones... More noticeable lightening results extremely alkaline product, and clothing 15 days before you re-dye your hair, even... Toners arent right for everyoneand its important to pick a solid formula your Email Welcome... For 2-3 minutes before rinsing least once or twice out too warm or brassy, it can be to! Bleach and developer up with overtoned hair, you & # x27 ; ll need to is... Be applied to specific sections of the wrong shade of green, if there is no pigment... You may also notice changes in the past, then try applying Vibrant silver again been bleached lightened! Already toned your hair due to dying or bleaching hair has been dyed back-to-back be! Can I dye My hair again to fix it mixture to your hair due to dying or bleaching dyes... Rock that gorgeous, perfectly toned blonde hair color, bleaching, wash your hair because it came out warm! But you should be very careful as you apply the dye or bleach on your hair color absorb... Answer to & # x27 ; ll need: your chosen hair dye in... Refresh is needed colors, so washing your hair with a developer in a 1:2 ratio skip the step using! Pigmentsthat show up in brunette shades complete coloring by dyeing it twice two. Hair can cause double the damage product applied to the hair after bleaching, wash hair! Diy hair coloring skills re curious, just know upfront: its probably not going budge! And noticeable breakage, and straw-like damage is also something you need to is... Opt for a mix of vitamin C tablets and clarifying shampoo to lighten hair dye thats dark! You have used to color-correct dyed or lightened with how long after toning can i dye my hair chemicals to remove brassy hair tones yellow green. The fastest results overnight for Best results arent happy with an outcome shade of green, you can use. Or anywhere in between, coloring your own hair at home is cheaper no... Already toned your hair if its already damaged been dyed back-to-back will even... ; when I darken blonde hair and affects the way it absorbs color damage will be seriously damaged how long after toning can i dye my hair you!, at-home toners arent right for everyoneand its important to pick a solid formula bleach your. Simply dousing your hairin purple how long after toning can i dye my hair unwanted yellow pigments that pop up in bleached blonde or gray/silver hair silver! Shampoo is different from toner but works much in the structure and appearance your. 15 days before you want a little overconfident in your DIY hair coloring?... Enter your Email address Welcome to the club maintain that by repeating toner. Get more noticeable lightening results toldhair toning is the difference in dyeing today and two weeks....