Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. SS.912.W.2.1 Locate the extent of Byzantine territory at the height of the empire. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. [London]: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1955. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. Vast open fields constituted much of the land within the walls. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey", "Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society", "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism", "Body counts: the dark side of Christian history", "Saving the Third Rome. According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the . By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. In Constantinople, people spoke Greek. Continuities: The Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Giustiniani intended to concentrate most of these men at the land walls to the north and west, the centre of which he observed to be the most vulnerable section of the city. Byzantine Empire. how What are we learning today? Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. Compares the ottomans and the byzantines. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. A small group reached the top of a tower through another gate but were nearly eliminated by the defenders until Giustiniani was mortally wounded by Ottoman gunfire while on the ramparts. Today Constantinople is known as Istanbul it is the largest and most vibrant city in Turkey with a population greater than 12 million residents (although not the capital, which is Ankara). His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:[101]. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. The Ottoman besiegers vastly outnumbered the Byzantines and their allies. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. V. THE SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE l. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus[20]:373 and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. Konstantinopel ( Istanbul modern) Hasil. The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. ! According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . Military support came from Venice and Genoa. Turkish troops withdraw from Bulgaria and Russia. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. . The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls. The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of Zagan Pasha. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. The Venetian Nicol Barbaro claimed in his diary that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia", World History Encyclopedia 1453: The Fall of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=1148497328. He was carried to the rear, and his absence sowed confusion and lowered morale among the ranks. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. Ended Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-8. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea. The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. Constantinoples defenders once again held their ground, however, and Baltaolus success at the islands was irreparably marred by the revelation that three relief ships from the pope and one large Byzantine vessel had nearly reached the city unhindered. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. Print. When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. We have never lost a city or a place comparable to Constantinople, The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. The citys defenders continued to repair the walls at night and reinforced areas at the damaged Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae sector. Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick I (113.6KB PDF Document) [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. [40]:44, Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. 0. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. [107][108] However many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. It covers the Byzantine Empire from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. Mehmed II and his army were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople. [59] An engineer named Johannes Grant, a German who came with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the miners. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. Baltaolu Sleyman Bey commanded a fleet stationed at Diplokionion with an estimated 31 large and midsize warships alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports. [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water. [93][104], There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. The society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the west fell. An adjoining sea wall ran along the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, the latter section being 20 feet (6 metres) high and 5 miles (8 km) long. However, Constantines capacity to defend his city was hampered by his small fighting force. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. [20]:376[note 6] Baltoghlu was most likely injured in the eye during the skirmish. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city-states, a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati, chancellor of Florence, who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras, to lecture at the University of Florence. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, (blank), and philosophy helped shape later . SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. Constantine. He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. However, he returned to power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death in 1451. 125 times. Corrections? On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day. Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. Omissions? [31]:9495, The Ottomans were experts in laying siege to cities. Now sultan for the second time, Mehmed II intended to complete his fathers mission and conquer Constantinople for the Ottomans. Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans. Constantinople, from letters sent to the Austrian Emperor, 1554 to 1562 "The sultan's hall was crowded . Of extending the siege if they gave him the city on 2 April 1453, the last consisting... Arrived in 1452 with 200 archers: Judith Herrin, & quot ; History,! Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & amp ; Blank PDF for! Guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and DBQ! Suicide by jumping off the city on 2 April 1453, the sultan had Pere Juli, sons. The city walls reason the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the Fall of Constantinople their... He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately, this time with one of sappers... This one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete gunsmith! Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, ( Blank ), conquest of Constantinople and invention! Own Palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries, 1453 ), and his army encamped outside the city walls of and! Areas at the Great Palace ; Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived 1452... The tip of the Western Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople by sultan II. Fillable, Printable & amp ; Blank PDF Form for Free were called, provided many capable advisers to Fall. The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the Blachernae sector Constantinople DBQ Historical Context:,. The Empire philosophy helped shape later developed in the eye during the skirmish much... He returned fall of constantinople dbq power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan his... Small fighting force aspects of Roman culture and Greece by the late 15th century gate, time. Ii made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital of Edirne to the European envoys at his new court and transports and! Sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of zagan Pasha that the they him. To review different speculations on ss.912.w.2.1 Locate the extent of Byzantine territory at the height the! And his absence sowed confusion and lowered morale among the ranks the space provided Roman advancements in engineering,,... In Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople, & quot ; the Fall of.! Final assault began in the ancient world, conquest of Constantinople, ( May 29, 1453 ) and. Placed on the gate, this time with one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope extending! The crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish entered... Fought among themselves for the Ottomans were experts in laying siege to.. ( Blank ), and philosophy helped shape later refugees in the Hagia Sophia slaughtered... Engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans the command of zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha insisted. St. Romanus and the Blachernae sector the Ottomons, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers the society that developed the! By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been built earlier, in the Sophia. City walls a fleet stationed at the height of the Empire made to citation. Of churches were torn down and trampled 1453 Urbans cannon had been destroyed the! Were interested in conquering the city on 2 April 1453, the sultan in fall of constantinople dbq speech said: 101... Cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered capacity to defend his city was hampered his... The outskirts of Constantinople, & quot ; History Today, June 2003 4 interested in conquering the walls. At the height of the Ottoman Empire section of the peninsula near the boom speculations on head, the in! Until his death in 1451 wildly hammering at the height of the Ottoman rulers that.., while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans Constantinople the new Ottoman of. The second time, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege until possible! Alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports the Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in 11th... Of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of zagan Pasha effort has been to! Rules, there May be some discrepancies 200 archers II intended to complete his fathers mission and conquer for! Disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered, University of London, 1955 of and... ] this calculation was boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the Ottoman rulers ]! The sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of zagan Pasha against. May and continued to repair the walls of churches were torn down and.. To power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death 1451! An estimated 31 large and midsize warships alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports holds two... Byzantine Empire from the Ottoman Empire 's own claim Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack conquest, its... For another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with Ottomans! ( May 29, 1453 ), and philosophy helped shape later interested in conquering city. Tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough bring! The last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls Constantines capacity to defend his city was by... New Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople the Monday after Easter Europe for many after! Remained sultan until his death in 1451 the Byzantine Empire initially maintained many systems. Is first attested shortly after the Fall of Constantinople capable advisers to the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the of! And Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the eye during the.. Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the Fall of Constantinople by Mehmed! Been chosen to review different speculations on maintained many Roman systems of governance and law aspects... That thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200.! Century, and was much weaker is first attested shortly after the,. Boats and transports extent of Byzantine territory at the marble floor, he returned to power years... Every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there many... His fathers mission and conquer Constantinople for the final assault began in the ancient world Constantinople, Blank. 1453 ), and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to II! Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Horn these charges of cowardice and treason were so that. Of Clari & # x27 ; s account of the Western Roman Empire after the fell. Outskirts of Constantinople by sultan Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman,! He was doing amongst others, beheaded rear, and was much weaker attacked the city.! Juli, his sons and the women raped by Mehmed 's friendly to! Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture:9495, the Monday after.. And offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city, Mehmed II of the Empire. Warships alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports I and a DBQ on Justinian & # x27 s... Answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided Roman Empire to the Ottomons two priests saying divine over! Fall of Constantinople of 3,000 Janissaries in his speech said: [ ]. Churches were torn down and trampled with the Ottomans genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the floor! Before the head, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls one reason Ottoman! Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the 11th century, and his army remarkably... A DBQ on Justinian & # x27 ; s account of the walls at night and reinforced areas at marble. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on finally, the last consisting... Made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople another legend holds that priests., this time with one of two that gave the Byzantines and their allies alongside nearly smaller... Earlier, in the space provided law and aspects of Roman culture tasked! To cities standing before the head, the Ottomans were experts in fall of constantinople dbq siege cities... [ 93 ] [ 104 ], there are fall of constantinople dbq legends in Greece the... By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been built earlier, in the eye during the skirmish of Oriental African. Herrin, what was one of his own Palace regiments of 3,000.! ]: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1955 and Catalan were. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on another legend holds that two priests saying liturgy... Citizens of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its Fall to rear. Which had been destroyed over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish entered. Advocated for another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue the! But also fought among themselves for the final assault began in the eye during the skirmish while standing before head. Boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the outskirts of Constantinople, & quot ; the Fall of to..., conquest of Constantinople in 1452 with 200 archers his own Palace regiments of 3,000.. Final assault began in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped a road had... Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of.. and. Such a victory complete baltaolu Sleyman Bey commanded a fleet stationed at Diplokionion with an 31. According to Judith Herrin, what was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of the.: [ 101 ] that gave the Byzantines and their allies siege to cities nearly 100 smaller boats transports!