He wrote two articles about this particular head, one in the Boletin de Geografia y Estadistica, and the other in the respected Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica. Understand evolution from watch groups to formalized police agencies. He wrote: Cleared of the surrounding earth, it [the colossal head] presented an awe-inspiring spectacle. In this book, Ivan Van Sertima explores his theory that Africans made landfall and had significant influence on the native peoples of Mesoamerica, primarily the Olmec civilization. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. To solve the most common PDF-display issues, follow the steps in Troubleshoot viewing PDF files on the web. In Egypt there are numerous sculptures depicting four figurines symbolically holding up the sky. Ivan Van Sertima. to 1100 B.C. The African Presence in Ancient America: Evidence from Physical Anthropology, in African Presence in Early America. The Olmec civilization, which was of African origin and dominated by Africans, was the first significant civilization in Mesoamerica and the Mother Culture of Mexico. - Volume 28 Issue 3 At the same time, the work in no way denies the importance of the Columbus voyages for opening up the New World to Europe, and hence changing the economic and . What cultural impact did the outsiders have on American civilization?29 It would appear that the impact of the African explorers on the New World as a whole was widespread, profound and enduring. In schools up and down the country, little children are taught that a heroic Italian explorer discovered America, and various events and parades are held to celebrate the occasion. The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity. Van Sertima accomplishes this through chapters relying heavily on dramatic storytelling. endobj stream I ask you: Are you ready for the showdown? Bronze head of an ancient king from Benin, West Africa, The tradition of fine sculpture in West Africa goes back long before 1000 B.C. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Contact him on [emailprotected], Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. ).30, The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity.31 For centuries the indigenous people there created and perpetuated a local culture that varied little from its surroundings. Ivan Van Sertima. Runoko Rashidi is an anthropologist and historian with a major focus on what he calls the Global African Presence-that is, Africans outside of Africa before and after enslavement. African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, ed. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way . African Presence in early Asia. His topic will be "The African Presence in Ancient America" at BCC's Davie campus at 11 a.m., and he will be the featured speaker at the "Africa and the Diaspora" program scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m . <> We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! The Mayans, Aztecs and Incas all worshipped black gods and the surviving portraits of the black deities are revealing. Of course, some Western historians continue to refute this fact because, consciously or unconsciously, they are still hanging on to the 19th-century notion that seafaring was a European monopoly. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.35 They include the following: The double crown, the royal flail, the sacred boat or ceremonial bark of the kings, the religious value of the color purple and its special use among priests and people of high rank; the artificial beard, feathered fans and the parasol or ceremonial umbrella. The unknown element is to the extent of population coverage, acculturation, architecture, and intercontinental travel. xMkA@tl.F3!iI!B>C[Ev 6_rs]]nu|da{](>Jp||Zp&~7w[8w @PK}#@,xG One of these articles, African Popes, discussed the lives of the three African pontiffs: St. Victor I (189-199), St. Miltiades (311-314) and St ",#(7),01444'9=82. Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. Readers should also consider the following 10 books that filled in this or that piece of the African jigsaw: Charles S. Finch, The Star of Deep Beginnings, US, Khenti, 1998. stream On September 24th, 2016, the National Museum of African American History and Culture opened in Washington, D.C. As Columbus Day (October 12) approaches and as we celebrate the 40, Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. However, during the early 1940s archeologists uncovered a civilization known as the Olmecs of 1200 BC, which pre-dated any other advanced civilization in the Americas. In this summary, however, we are confining ourselves to a particular geographic region (the Gulf of Mexico), a particular culture complex or civilization (known as Olmecs), and a particular period of history (948-680 B.C. Early American Scans NetSuite, highlighting the economic and social forces most able to explain the presence or the absence of slave trading in different regions of the world. The information presented on this page and in the brochure is explored at greater length in Fishers' Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence (Heyday Books, 2010). He also claimed Such compounds could only have been introduced to Ancient Egyptian culture through trade with Americans. In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? For instance, ancient portraits of the Quetzalcoatl, a messiah serpent god, and Ek-ahua, the god of war, are unquestionably Negro with dark skin and wooly hair. She is also W.E.B. Garikai Chengu is a scholar at Harvard University. Sitchin goes on stating that ther were two distinct fluxes of deities and people: one originated the myth of Viracocha, the other originated the myth of Quetzalcoatl. DuBois Fellow at Harvard Uni- . Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. Rashidi is an authority on the African presence in Asia, especially in the Phillipines and in India. BLACK AFRICA AND AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS Van Sertima explores and gives all the evidence he can find about three contact periods. He is the author or editor of eighteen books, the most recent of which . Directed by REMONE L. FOSTER, LL.B IMPORTANT NOTICE The first topic on the CAPE History Unit 1 syllabus requires students to consider one Advanced indigenous group (Maya, Inca or Aztec) and one simple indigenous group (Tupi, Kalinago and Taino). Tutti i risultati di Google Ricerca Libri » African Presence in Early America, Volume 8,Edizione 2. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the In September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa led his men down the slopes of Quarequa, which was near Darien, now called Panama, where they saw several Black men, who were captured by native Americans. Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains. The growing body of evidence is now becoming simply too loud to ignore. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America, Early America Revisited Paperback. Are you ready to meet us and our scholars in the public so that the world may see who is a liar and who is telling the truth? In 1991 Dr. Van Sertima defended his highly controversial thesis on the African presence in pre-Columbian America before the Smithsonian. Tottenham. The Black Experience in Colonial Latin America Latin Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and amazingly negroid in character.16, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads17 European journalist and Olmec specialist, Walter Hanf, describes carved colossal heads with Negroid features, deformed and close-shaven skulls, blunt noses, and protruding lips.18 Author and anthropologist Sharon McKern states that the colossal heads are inescapably Negroid.19. An overwhelming body of new evidence is emerging which proves that Africans had frequently sailed across the Atlantic to the Americas, thousands of years before Columbus and indeed before Christ. brilliantly [demonstrates] has that there is far more to black history than the slave trade."John A. Williams They Came Before Columbus reveals a compelling, dramatic, and superbly detailed documentation of the presence and legacy of Africans in ancient America. Readings - African Presence in Early America, "Leo Weiner, A Plea For Reexamination," David J.M. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In his Journal of the Second Voyage, Columbus wrote that when he reached Haiti, then labeled Espanola, the native people told him that black skinned people had come from the south and southeast in ships trading in gold tipped metal spears. One can only wonder how Columbus could have discovered America when people were watching him from Americas shores? This also holds true for large sections of Mesoamerica and far into South America Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru, reveals the unmistakable combination of the kinky hair, broad nose, generous lips, frequency of prognathism (projecting jaws), occasional goatee beard, and sometimes distinctly African ear pendants, hairstyles, tattoo markings, and coloration.. The African Presence in Early A sia. African Presence in Ancient America before Columbus YouTube, Analyzing early modern Iberia, Africa, and Latin America as aspects of a single, unified (73), Wheat traces how developments in one area reverberated in the others. African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. BLACK AFRICAS HISTORY This book was salvational in many ways at the time of its publication. Seafaring allowed Europe to conquer the world. Speaking specifically about the African influence on the Olmec culture, historian Zecharia Sitchin provides this view: It is an embarrassing enigma, because it challenges scholars and prideful nationalists to explain how people from Africa could have come to the New World not hundreds but thousands of years before Columbus, and how they could have developed, seemingly overnight, the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica. He furthermore cites a document of Francisco Nunez Vega (1691), who describes an ancient calendar found in Chiapas that mentions seven negritos representing the seven planets., In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies.4 Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains.5, Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. endobj Sun 17 September 2017 16:00 - 19:00. It asserted the historical participation of Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Egyptian civilization. Edited by Ivan Van Sertima, pp. early Aztecs, were profoundly influenced by Abu Bakari and his agents in the areas of technology, economics, religion, and the arts. cit., p.37. The Hispanic/Latino presence took on a whole new dimension in the 1840s with the annexation of half of Mexicos territory to Their rights were severely limited, and they were long denied a . The book makes a carefully balanced case for an African presence in America before Columbus' voyages. Olmecian and Egyptian pyramids were both placed on the same north-south axis and had strikingly similar construction methods. But, in the words of Van Sertima, proof of contact is only half of the story. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master., Ivan Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, in Ivan Van Sertima (ed.). On the strength of the colossal Olmec heads and other evidence, several early Mexican scholars concurred with Melgars contention that Black people settled the New World, particularly Mexico, in antiquity. BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI), Stone carving of a Shaman or priest from Columbia's San Agustine Culture, An ancient West African Oni or King holding similar artifacts as the San Agustine culture stone carving of a Shaman, Meso-American pyramid with stepped appearance, built about 2500 years ago, Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, built over four thousand years ago, compare to Meso-American pyramid. When the skulls were carefully examined, one of the world's leading skull It is grounded now upon an overwhelming and growing body of reliable witnesses. Ivan Van Sertima, They Came Before Columbus. Ani, Marimba. Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty. Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe is the first exhibition to bring together a wide variety of works of art in diverse mediums that bear witness to the multiple aspects of the African presence in Europe in the Age of Exploration. Dozens of their skulls and cave writings have been found dating back to 50,000 years. zoz Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Gabriel Haslip-Viera, and Warren Barbour . Atlantic Creole culture: patterns of transformation and adaptations, 1607-60 5. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, Encouragingly, in a later publication Coe (1994) refrained from a denunciation of an early African ethnic presence, and Dr. Clyde Winters (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1997, 2005, 2013) has reported the evidence in greater detail. $.' Early American Scans NetSuite, According to historians such as Wayne B. Chandler (African Presence in Early America), two of Chinas earliest dynaties, the Shang and the Shia, were both heavily Black African/Black Oceanic dynasties, with Mongol Chinese as well. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero by Kate Clifford Larson 9.99; Black Athena revisited 15.99; A Kid's Guide to African American History: More than 70 Activities (A Kid's Guide series) 7.99; To move a continent : Kwame Nkrumah's role in African affairs, 1957-1966 9.99 Why would native Americans venerate images so unmistakably African if they had never seen them before? or Were the ancient Turks, Akkads (Sumerians) and Dravidians (Tamils) the parents of Mexico and Meso-America, Magicians of the Gods by Graham Hancock (2015), Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs, ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGION CHAPTER 4 PART 4 ANCIENT INDIA APN, The Dragon and the Serpent: Quetzalcoatl, the Lng of China and the Serpent of Wisdom, Extended-Plasma-Electromagnetic Cosmology (EPEMC, Afrocentric World Black Greeks Ancient Libyco-Berber Writing More Information on the Afrocentric World, Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. Armah . 168. According to the toltec and aztec legends they both came by sea. They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in Mesoamerica [Mexico and Central America] during the Olmec period, which is to be considered later herein. The African Presence in Ancient America Revisited is historian Runoko Rashidis new DVD. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. 1-2) Ivan Van Sertima. Villacorta, has written: Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa., Cleared of the surrounding earth, it [the colossal head] presented an awe-inspiring spectacle. It insists on the leading role it played in some periods and it tries to find out in what periods there existed contact between Black Africa and the Americas. Pope Victor I (AD 189-199) popularized Latin as the common language of the church, thereby making Christianity more democratic and accessible to ordinary people. 1. on the Internet. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way in which African history and culture are taught and studied. When most people think about ancient Mexico, the first civilizations that come to mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya. Islam in the African-American Experience Second Edition The Portuguese, Kongo and Ndongo and the origins of Atlantic Creole culture to 1607 3. Marquez, adds that [s]everal isolated but concordant facts permit the conjecture that before the formation and development of the three great ethnographic groupsa great part of Amcerica was occupied by [the] Negroid type.12. I have never claimed, writes Van Sertima, that Africans created or founded the Olmec civilizationThey left a significant influence upon itand that is more than can be said of any other Old World group visiting the native American or emigrating to the continent before Columbus.34, A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that are remarkably similar to the ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period. Villacorta, has written: Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa.14 Finally, historian Orozco y Berra declared in his History of the Conquest of Mexico, that there was, unquestionably, a significant, ongoing, and intimate pre-Columbian relationship between Mexicans and Africans.15. This is no longer possible. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. The African and Muslim Discovery of America Before 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female Africa and Latin America have the potential to deal with the problems thrown . This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all."[4] African-American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. Its about time education policy makers reexamine their school curriculums to adjust for Americas long pre-Columbus history. 128 views, 4 likes, 4 loves, 54 comments, 6 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Williams Chapel Church: Williams Chapel Church was live. The same is true for studies of the African diaspora, but that does not mean that African migration lacks significance in either field. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. African Presence in Early America Ivan Van Sertima 4.60 58 ratings1 review This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. The ink of a scholar's pen is holier than the blood of the martyr. The Indus Valley civilization was at its height from about 2200 B.C.E. The original Olmecs were Native Americans who were very probably colonized and acculturated by Africans who settled their homeland. Other indicators include, astronomy, art, writing systems, flora and fauna. The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. A similar sculpture has been discovered at the Olmec site of Portrero Nuevo. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans.6 Also during the sixteenth century after the advent of Columbus, but before the universal enslavement of Africans Cabello de Balboa cited a group of seventeen Black people who, after being shipwrecked in Ecuador, became governors of an entire province of native Americans.7. station39.cebu The New York African Burial Ground reports. % Stephen Jett in Riley, Kelley, Pennington and Rands (eds. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force to work in the New World. He was considered one of the African Christian martyrs. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. Meaningful indications of an African presence in ancient Japan have been unearthed from the most remote ages of the Japanese past. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, The roots of the Hispanic/Latino presence in the U.S. go back to colonial times when most of the countrys southern flank was under Spanish rule. Pope Melchaides (311-314, sometimes known as Meltiades) was persecuted prior to his reign as pope. In recent times, it has been common to associate Latinos with the . The first of these paintings by the Yuan court artist Liu Guandao in 1280,. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, p.70. In his. Loewen, James A. ASSATA-GARVEY AND ME: A Global African Journey for Children $ 20.00 Read more; BLACK STAR: AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY EUROPE $ 39.95 Read more; AFRICAN STAR OVER ASIA: The Black Presence in the East $ 39.95 Read more; Queens of the Nile & Women of Power Scroll $ 19.95 Read more Professor Everett Borders notes another very important indication of African presence, which is the nature of early American pyramids. In this paper we review the epigraphic evidence that indicate that a continuity of script existed from Harappan down to the South Indian Megalithic period and beyond. In the 21st century, some people who identify as Afro-Mexicans are the children and grandchildren of naturalized Black immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. Face of Afro-Olmec child carved on the waste "belt" of an Olmec ballplayer, Back to Historical Views | AfricaSpeaks.com, Check for historical references and literature, THE VANISHING EVIDENCE OF CLASSICAL AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS. File, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. Historian Nicholas Cheetham writes of the exaggeratedly Negroid features of the stone heads.20 Finally, another scholar, Floyd Hayes, has provided the following thought provoking assessment of the racial significance of the colossal stone heads: One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? Ancient African historian Professor Van Sertima has illustrated how Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican civilization to use a written language, sophisticated astronomy, arts and mathematics and they built the first cities in Mexico, all of which greatly influenced the Mayans and subsequent civilizations in the Americas. Numerous wall paintings in caves in Juxtlahuaca depict the famous ancient Egyptian opening of the mouth and cross libation rituals. According to a number of sources, Abubakari II, Mansa (King) of the Mali Empire in the 14th century, led Malian sailors to the Americas, specifically present-day Brazil, almost 200 years before . But, in the words of Van Sertima, proof of contact is only half of the story. Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews, "I Have Been Vindicated," Interview Final Call, 1992, How the Jews Crushed a Black Slave Revolt. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.. The Indian scholar, Rafique Jairazbhoy, has studied the ancient Egyptians and the Olmecs in great detail and has pointed to many other ritual parallels between the two groups. Search the history of over 804 billion Something like 100,000 years part in linguistic phylogeny. African explorers crossing the vast Atlantic waters in primitive boats may seem unlikely, or perhaps, far fetched to some. WHEAT David. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, pp.73-75. 6 0 obj African Presence in Early Asia and Early Europe, a new online workshop by Runoko Rashidi, focuses on African people around parts of the world where their presence is significant but little know. Collossol Afro-Olmec head of basalt wearing Nubian type war helmet, circa 1100 B.C. THE PRESENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP IN EARLY, THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN ANCIENT AMERICA REVISITED WITH RUNOKO RASHIDI An exciting new DVD by Runoko Rashidi! Tellingly, all of these pyramids also served the same dual purpose, tomb and temple. Sertima, who published his book They Came before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America in I976.7. This also holds true for large sections of Mesoamerica and far into South America Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru22 For years the Diego Rivera Museum of Mexico housed the Alexander von Wuthenau Collection of remarkable figurines depicting Black priests, chiefs, dancers, wrestlers, drummers, and others across the social spectrum. It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen.21. Dr. Runoko Rashidi, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient Call Number: Africana Library DS28.A35 A37x 1995 Publication Date: 1995 African Presence in Early Europe by Ivan Van Sertima, ed. 5, No. In truth, Africans began coming to the Americas thousands of years before Columbus; and the evidence of their presence, though systematically ignored by mainstream scholars, is overwhelming and undeniable. web pages Ivan Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, in Ivan Van Sertimas (ed.). Call Number: Africana Library DT14 .J86 v.8 no.2 Publication Date: 1987 African Presence in Early Asia by Runoko Rashidi; Ivan Van Sertima, eds. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. Become Member of A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico;37 and Mexican sarcophagi leave an opening in the tomb as do the Egyptians, for the birds escape from the dead.38, Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. A clear indicator of pre-Columbus African trans-Atlantic travel is the recent archeological findings of narcotics native to America in Ancient Egyptian mummies, which have astounded contemporary historians. Out of Stock. It makes a convincing case for pre-Columbian contacts between Africa and America before the era of the slave trade. The outcome, I believe, is a comprehensive explanation of why and how the African slave trade expanded to unprecedented levels during the early modern period. Joan, Eahr Amelia. The king sent out 200 ships of men, and 200 ships of trade material, crops, animals, cloth and crucially African knowledge of astronomy, religion and the arts. 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You agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies years part in linguistic.... By force to work in the New World, a Plea for Reexamination, & quot David. The surviving portraits of the Egyptian civilization religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact history of over 804 Something!, pp.73-75 the slave trade, art, writing systems, flora and fauna Incas all worshipped black gods the., 1607-60 5 indicators include, astronomy, art, writing systems, flora and fauna dozens of skulls. Web pages Ivan Van Sertima, who published his book they came Columbus! Same north-south axis and had strikingly similar construction methods only wonder how Columbus could discovered... Iii, during the nineteenth dynasty Kelley, Pennington and Rands ( eds opening of the ethnic..., Edizione 2 were watching him from Americas shores through the use of cookies eighteen... Have been found dating back to 50,000 years ; voyages, sometimes known as ). 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